Zerumbone 1 is an 11-membered cyclic sesquiterpene obtained from the rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet SMITH (Zingiberaceae). In this study, we investigated the structure-activity relationship of 1, α-humulene (2), tetrahydrozerumbone stereoisomers (3-5), and tetrahydrozerumbone derivatives (6-9). The oxygen-containing functional groups and the configurations at C1 and C2 contributed to the spontaneous locomotor activity reduction of zerumbone 1 and derivatives 2-9.Key words zerumbone; tetrahydrozerumbone; sedative effect; inhalation; structure-activity relationship Zingiber zerumbet SMITH is a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae) and is native to India. This plant grows widely from India and Southeast Asia to the Hawaiian Islands.1) Z. zerumbet, which has a flowery scape, is cultivated in Europe and the United States mainly as a garden plant. In contrast, the rhizome of Z. zerumbet is used as a traditional folk medicine for pain in Southeast Asia.2) Zerumbone 1 is a main component of the essential oil obtained from Z. zerumbet rhizome, and has antinociceptive, 3) antiviral, and antiinflammatory effects. Furthermore, zerumbone 1 is a valuable natural raw material for medicinal compounds, because of its high reactivity. [4][5][6] Terpenoids, in particular monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, often have characteristic odors, and are used in incense. In European countries, essential oils that contain odorant terpenoids are used in home remedies and medical treatments for conditions such as anxiety.7,8) Zerumbone, a highly volatile compound with a distinct odor, 6) may show biological activity when inhaled. In this study, the reduction of locomotor activity in mice given zerumbone and its derivatives by inhalation was examined. The structure-activity relationship among the compounds was also investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MaterialsCompounds 1-9 shown in Fig. 1 were prepared as below. Zerumbone 1 was extracted from Z. zerumbet rhizome, and the extract was refined. 2,3,10,11-Tetrahydrozerumbone (THZ) stereoisomers (3-5) and tetrahydrozerumbone derivatives (6-9) were synthesised from compound 1. First, 1 was reduced with H 2 on Pd/C to give racemic THZ 5. Then, 5 was reduced with LiAlH 4 to give 6 and 7, which were acetylated with acetic anhydride in pyridine solution to obtain 8 and 9. Furthermore, 6 and 7 were treated with lipase and isopropenyl acetate to obtain (2S)-tetrahydrozerumbyl acetate and (2R)-tetrahydrozerumbol in order to resolve the racemic THZ into 3 and 4 by oxidisation following deacylation. 9,10) Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 7-9 were refined to more than 99.9% purity, as evaluated by 1 H-NMR, and 3 and 4 were obtained with 97% and 95% e.e., respectively. The purity of 6 was 85%. α-Humulene (2) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). The odorless solvent triethyl citrate used to dissolve and dilute the odorant compounds for inhalation was purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). The reagents used in this study were of the highest grade available.