Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6 and Its Involvement in Lipid Metabolism

Nara, Hidetoshi; Watanabe, Rin

doi:10.3390/ijms22189889

Cited by 53 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…Conventionally, IL-6 is classified as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and is produced by immune cells and other somatic cells at the site of inflammation. The pro-inflammatory role of IL-6 is mediated by trans-signaling, which occurs when IL-6 binds to the soluble form of the IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and gp130, but not to IL-6R, to activate JAK/STAT3 signaling in inflammatory cells ( 369 ). In obesity, circulating IL-6 levels are elevated and are associated with-low grade inflammation and dysregulated metabolism, as described previously ( 370 ).…”

Section: Myokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: Focus on Their Role and Molecular Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue Inflammation

et al. 2022

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Chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) is a hallmark of obesity and contributes to various metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Inflammation in ATs is characterized by macrophage infiltration and the activation of inflammatory pathways mediated by NF-κB, JNK, and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Adipokines, hepatokines and myokines — proteins secreted from AT, the liver and skeletal muscle play regulatory roles in AT inflammation via endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. For example, obesity is associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines (e.g., leptin, resistin, chemerin, progranulin, RBP4, WISP1, FABP4, PAI-1, Follistatin-like1, MCP-1, SPARC, SPARCL1, and SAA) and reduced levels of anti-inflammatory adipokines such as adiponectin, omentin, ZAG, SFRP5, CTRP3, vaspin, and IL-10. Moreover, some hepatokines (Fetuin A, DPP4, FGF21, GDF15, and MANF) and myokines (irisin, IL-6, and DEL-1) also play pro- or anti-inflammatory roles in AT inflammation. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of these organokines and their role in AT inflammation and related metabolic abnormalities. It serves to highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of these organokines and their clinical significance. Insights into the roles and mechanisms of these organokines could provide novel and potential therapeutic targets for obesity-induced inflammation.

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Section: Myokinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: Focus on Their Role and Molecular Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue Inflammation

et al. 2022

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“…Docherty et al ( 2022) in their research explained that strength exercise can increase muscle-derived (myokine), such as IL-6 which can help regulate anti-inflammatory responses. IL-6 can act as a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine (Nara & Watanabe, 2021). Exercise has complex benefits for the body (Ruegsegger & Booth, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Moderate-Intensity Strength Exercise Increases Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Obese Females

Adila¹,

Rejeki²,

Herawati³

2023

Teor. metod. fiz. vihov.

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The study purpose was to prove the effect of acute moderate-intensity endurance and strength exercise on increasing IL-6 levels in obese females. Materials and methods. A total of 21 obese women aged 20-25 years were recruited from among university students and given two modes of acute exercise intervention, namely moderate-intensity endurance and strength exercise carried out for 35 minutes/session. Subjects were divided randomly into three groups, namely K1 (control group without intervention; n = 7), K2 (Acute moderate-intensity endurance exercise; n = 7), K3 (Acute moderate-intensity strength exercise; n = 7). ELISA was used to analyze serum IL-6 levels before and after exercise. The data analysis technique used the One-way ANOVA test and continued with the Tukey HSD post-hoc test with a significance level of 5%. Results. The results of the One-way ANOVA test showed that there was a significant difference between serum IL-6 levels after exercise and delta (Δ) in the three groups (p ≤ 0.01). The results of the Tukey HSD post-hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between serum IL-6 levels after exercise and delta (Δ) at K3 with K1 (p ≤ 0.01), K3with K2 (p ≤ 0.01), while there was no significant difference in serum IL-6 levels (p ≥ 0.05) at K2 with K1. Conclusions. Overall, our study concluded that 35 min/session of acute moderate-intensity strength exercise was effective in increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, in obese females.

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“…IL-6 was the first discovered and most extensively studied muscle factor [161]. Studies have shown that IL-6 is a double-edged sword with bidirectional regulatory effects of antiinflammatory and proinflammatory effects [162,163]. Aging results in increased cellular IL-6 expression, and increased IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor TNF(TNF)-α expression exerts extensive proinflammatory effects, resulting in skeletal muscle atrophy [164].…”

Section: Exercise Reverses Myokine Expression During Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Exercise and Aging on Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle: Roles of ROS and Epigenetics

Wang

et al. 2022

Cells

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Aging causes degenerative changes such as epigenetic changes and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Exercise can upregulate muscle mitochondrial homeostasis and enhance antioxidant capacity and represents an effective treatment to prevent muscle aging. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and microRNA expression are involved in the regulation of exercise-induced adaptive changes in muscle mitochondria. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in signaling molecules in exercise-induced muscle mitochondrial health benefits, and strong evidence emphasizes that exercise-induced ROS can regulate gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are imported into mitochondria from the cytosol, so mitochondrial homeostasis is regulated by nuclear epigenetic mechanisms. Exercise can reverse aging-induced changes in myokine expression by modulating epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of exercise-generated ROS in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. In addition, the potential epigenetic mechanisms involved in exercise-induced myokine expression are reviewed.

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Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6 and Its Involvement in Lipid Metabolism

Cited by 53 publications

References 136 publications

Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: Focus on Their Role and Molecular Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue Inflammation

Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: Focus on Their Role and Molecular Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue Inflammation

Acute Moderate-Intensity Strength Exercise Increases Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Obese Females

Impact of Exercise and Aging on Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle: Roles of ROS and Epigenetics

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