Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Procyanidins from Wild Grape (Vitis amurensis) Seeds in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells

Abstract

In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effect and underlying mechanisms of wild grape seeds procyanidins (WGP) were examined using lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. We used nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays to examine inhibitory effect of WGP and further investigated the mechanisms of WGP suppressed LPS-mediated genes and upstream expression by Western blot and confocal microscopy analysis. Our data indicate that WGP significantly reduced NO, PGE2, and ROS production and also inhibited the expression of proinflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expressions. Consistently, WGP significantly reduced LPS-stimulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin- (IL-) 1β. Moreover, WGP prevented nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) p65 subunit by reducing inhibitory κB-α (IκBα) and NFκB phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found that WGP inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Taken together, our results demonstrated that WGP exerts potent anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 by regulating NFκB and p38 MAPK pathway.

Flavonoid-rich Chardonnay grape seed flour supplementation ameliorates diet-induced visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance via altered adipose tissue gene expression

“…blood CRP concentration) in type-2 diabetic patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease (Kar et al, 2009). Procyanidins from wild grape seed significantly reduced LPS-induced inflammation by regulating the NFκB pathway (Bak, Truong, Kang, Jun, & Jeong, 2013). Collectively, these data suggest that flavonoid-rich ChrSd diet may potentiate the antioxidant activity and lower HF dietinduced oxidative stress and inflammation by down-regulating the genes related to scavenging ROS, ER stress, NFκB pathway, and immune and inflammatory responses in the adipose tissue.…”

Lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment in rats is preventable using 7-nitroindazole

“…During inflammation responses, microglia as the principle effectors of immune system in the brain, release pro-inflammatory cytokines which directly affects neuronal function including long-term potentiation, glutamate release and cell signaling pathways 24 . LPS has been shown that triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF α , IL-1β , IL-6 13,25 . It has also been reported that IL-1 receptors antagonist ameliorates learning and .…”

“…Researchers have reported that LPS increases the production of mediators such as NO, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) through stimulating the macrophages 13 . LPS also increases the level of NO through promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β from macrophages and leucocytes 14 .…”

Resveratrol, 4′ Acetoxy Resveratrol, R-equol, Racemic Equol or S-equol as Cosmeceuticals to Improve Dermal Health

“…Since that time, polyphenolic compounds as active ingredients in skin products with different applications have been reported that cover all three criteria proposed by Kilgman [52,53,54]. As for the first benchmark, resveratrol, 4′ acetoxy resveratrol, racemic equol, R -equol and S -equol have been shown to penetrate human skin at effective concentrations using standard solubilizing agents [19,27,55,56,57].…”