In this study, the effects of an aqueous-ethanol extract from Crocus sativus on heart rate and contractility were examined. Isolated guinea-pig hearts were perfused through the aorta in a Langendorff mode. Heart rate and contractility were determined in the presence of four concentrations of the extract (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg%) and diltiazem (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 microm) in perfused heart with: (1) ordinary Krebs solution (group 1, n = 9), (2) calcium-free Krebs solution (group 2, n = 7). In group 1, three higher concentrations of diltiazem (1, 10 and 100 microm), but only the highest (5.0 mg%) and two higher concentrations (1.0 and 5.0 mg%) of the extract caused significant reduction in heart rate and contractility, respectively (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). In group 2, the highest (100 microm) and two higher concentrations (10 and 100 microm) of diltiazem (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01), but only the highest concentration of the extract showed significant reductions in the heart rate and contractility (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). There were significant negative correlations between concentrations of the extract and diltiazem and their effects in both groups (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001). These results suggested a potent inhibitory effect of aqueous-ethanol extract from C. sativus on the calcium channel of guinea-pig heart.

ICC are found in both the upper and lower urinary tract. They are not found in the ureter itself but are confined to the lamina propria of the renal pelvis and pelvi-calyceal junction. They do not appear to have a primary pacemaker role (this is ascribed to atypical smooth muscle cells in the same location) but rather conduct and amplify the pacemaker signals generated by the atypical smooth muscle cells. In the bladder, ICC are widely distributed in the sub-urothelial region, in the lamina propria and at the margins of the detrusor smooth muscle bundles. Again they appear not to have a pacemaking role and such evidence as there is would suggest that they have a role in the modulation of signal transduction. The strongest evidence that ICC in the urinary tract act as pacemakers comes from studies of those in the urethra. Isolated ICC show regular spontaneous depolarizations in current clamp which resemble very closely the slow waves recorded from intact tissue. In voltage clamp they show abundant calcium-activated chloride current and spontaneous transient inward currents which can be blocked by chloride channel blockers. However, their role in the modulation of urethral tone has yet to be fully elucidated.

The results of this study demonstrate that the hydroalcoholic extract of N. sativa have protective effects on hypothyroidism-associated learning and memory impairment during neonatal and juvenile growth in rats. The effects were comparable to Vit C and might be due to the protective effects of N. sativa extract against brain tissues' oxidative damage.

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The current study suggests that thymoquinone is able to improve the UUO-induced renal tissue damage. These favorable actions of thymoquinone on UUO model in rat are comparable with the well-known RAS inhibitors captopril and losartan.