Anti-inflammatory effects of Polygala tenuifolia root through inhibition of NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglial cells

Cheong, Myung-Hee; Lee, Sang-Ryong; Yoo, Hwa‐Seung; Jeong, Jin‐Woo; Kim, Gi‐Young; Kim, Wun-Jae; Jung, Inchul; Choi, Yung Hyun

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.008

Cited by 85 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Polygalae Radix, a well-known herb listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition), has been prescribed as a tonic, antipsychotic, expectorant and detumescent for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine. Modern pharmacological studies have already demonstrated that Polygalae Radix extract exhibits a wide variety of effects, such as hypotensive [7] , anti-inflammatory [8] , anti-depressive [9] , anti-oxidative and antiapoptotic [10] effects, cognitive improvements and cerebral protection [11] . The Polygalae Radix extract BT-11 has been shown to have memory-enhancing effects in rats with scopolamineinduced amnesia [12] and cognition-improving effects in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison studies, one in healthy adults and one in elderly humans [13,14] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polygalasaponin XXXII, a triterpenoid saponin from Polygalae Radix, attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice

et al. 2016

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Aim: Recent studies show that the extract of a Chinese herb Polygalae Radix exerts cognition-enhancing actions in rats and humans. The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmacological profiles of active compounds extracted from Polygalae Radix. Methods: Two fractions P3 and P6 and two compounds PTM-15 and polygalasaponin XXXII (PGS32) were prepared. Neuroprotective effects were evaluated in primary cortical neurons exposed to high concentration glutamate, serum deficiency or H 2 O 2 . Anti-dementia actions were assessed in scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice using step-through avoidance tests and channel water maze tests. After conducting the channel water maze tests, TrkB phosphorylation in mouse hippocampus was detected using Western blotting. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced in the dentate gyrus in adult rats; PGS32 (5 μL 400 μmol/L) was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle 20 min after high frequency stimulation (HFS). Results: Compared to the fraction P6, the fraction P3 showed more prominent neuroprotective effects in vitro and cognitionenhancing effects in scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. One active compound PGS32 in the fraction P3 exerted potent cognitionenhancing action: oral administration of PGS32 (0.125 mg· kg -1 ·d -1 ) for 19 days abolished scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Furthermore, PGS32 (0.5 and 2 mg· kg -1 ·d -1 ) significantly stimulated the phosphorylation of TrkB in the hippocampus. Intracerebroventricular injection of PGS32 significantly enhanced HFS-induced LTP in the dentate gyrus of rats. Conclusion: PGS32 attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice, suggesting that it has a potential for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction and dementia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polygalasaponin XXXII, a triterpenoid saponin from Polygalae Radix, attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice

et al. 2016

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“…Upon ligand binding, TLR4 recruits signaling adaptors and initiates a series of signaling cascades that result in the activation of NF-κB and the release of inflammatory cytokines [8]. Microglia activation can occur through a TLR4-mediated pathway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of LPS-Induced Microglial Inflammation Response via TLR4 Under High Glucose Conditions

Zhang

Dong

Zhang

et al. 2015

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Background: Microglia activation mediated by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in neuroinflammation and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been recently suggested as an independent risk factor for POCD. In this study, we investigate the potential exacerbation of the inflammatory response in primary microglia due to high glucose conditions. Methods: Primary microglial cells were exposed to normal glucose (25 mmol/L) and high glucose (35 mmol/L) levels alone or with lipopolyscaccharide (LPS 0, 2, 5, 10 ng/mL). The pro-inflammatory response of the cells was assessed by measuring changes in cytokine levels and the evaluation of associated signaling pathways. Results: Neither high glucose nor low LPS (≤5ng/ml) alone had an effect on TNF-a and IL-6 levels, but the combination of low LPS and high glucose stimulated the inflammatory response. Analyses of the associated signaling pathways demonstrated that high glucose enhanced the LPS-induced microglial activation via the TLR4/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that high glucose, one of the key abnormalities characteristic of DM, can augment LPS-induced microglial activation and inflammatory cytokine levels through the TLR4/JAK2/STAT3 pathway, offering new insight into the pathophysiological relationship between DM and POCD.

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“…In addition, Tanaka et al (2006) showed that LPS injection into the hippocampal CA1 region increased expressions of interleukin-1b and TNF-a, and that interleukin-1b immunopositive cells were LPSinduced activated microglia, not astrocytes. Recently, some studies also showed that LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses, such as activations of NF-kB and MAPKs as well as increases in interleukin-1b and TNF-a, were well observed in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia (Cheong et al 2011;Wang et al 2011). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of Ribosomal Protein S3 Immunoreactivity and Its New Expression in Microglia in the Mice Hippocampus After Lipopolysaccharide Treatment

et al. 2012

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Anti-inflammatory effects of Polygala tenuifolia root through inhibition of NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglial cells

Cited by 85 publications

References 46 publications

Polygalasaponin XXXII, a triterpenoid saponin from Polygalae Radix, attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice

Polygalasaponin XXXII, a triterpenoid saponin from Polygalae Radix, attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice

Enhancement of LPS-Induced Microglial Inflammation Response via TLR4 Under High Glucose Conditions

Changes of Ribosomal Protein S3 Immunoreactivity and Its New Expression in Microglia in the Mice Hippocampus After Lipopolysaccharide Treatment

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