Anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginseng saponins in activated microglia

Park, Jin-Sun; Park, Eun Mi; Kim, Dong Hyun; Jung, Kangsik; Jung, Ji Sun; Lee, Eun Jung; Hyun, Jin Won; Kang, Jihee Lee; Kim, Hee Sun

doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.01.020

Cited by 131 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In addition, Kim et al (17) suggested that TSG may suppress NO production in LPS/interferon-γ-activated RAW 246.7 macrophages by inhibiting inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression. Furthermore, TSG has been found to inhibit LPS-induced expression of iNOS, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglial cells, which is associated with the inactivation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways (18). A recent study also demonstrated that TSG-associated recovery from LPS-induced depression-like behavior was associated with decreased production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-challenged mice and RAW 264.7 cells (19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Anti-inflammatory potential of total saponins derived from the roots of Panax ginseng in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Jang

Choi

et al. 2015

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Abstract. Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), is a widely known traditional medicine that has been utilized throughout Asia for several thousand years. Ginseng saponins exert various important pharmacological effects regarding the control of a number of diseases. The aim of the present study was to identify the anti-inflammatory effects of total saponins extracted from ginseng (TSG) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. The inhibitory effects of TSG on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) protein expression were determined by measuring the levels of nitrite and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of TSG on the mRNA expression levels and localizations of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), IL-1β and TNF-α, and their upstream signaling proteins, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), were investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Following stimulation with LPS, elevated levels of NO production were detected in RAW 264.7 cells; however, TSG pretreatment significantly inhibited the production of NO (P<0.05), by suppressing the expression of iNOS. In addition, LPS-stimulated TNF-α and IL-1β production was significantly reduced by TSG (P<0.05). In the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, NF-κB was translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus, whilst TSG pretreatment induced the sequestration of NF-κB in the cytosol by inhibiting inhibitor of κB degradation. TSG also contributed to downregulation of MAPKs in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These results suggested that TSG may exert anti-inflammatory activity, and that TSG may be considered a potential therapeutic for the treatment of inflammatory diseases associated with macrophage activation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Cell viability was measured based on the formation of blue formazan, which is metabolized from colorless MTT (Sigma-Aldrich) by mitochondrial dehydrogenases, enzymes that are only active in live cells (18). RAW 264.7 cells (5x10 5 cells/ml) were seeded in a 96-well plate.…”

Section: -(45-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-25-diphenyl-tetrazolium Bromidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-inflammatory potential of total saponins derived from the roots of Panax ginseng in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Jang

Choi

et al. 2015

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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“…Several researchers have reported that Samchulkunbi-tang has pharmacological activities in processes such as immune regulation [12] and gastroprotection [13]. Ginseng radix, one of the constituents of Samchulkunbi-tang, has been used to prevent various diseases including diabetes, cancer, allergy, and hypertension [14] and to treat inflammation [15]. Atractylodis rhizoma alba, another constituent of Samchulkunbi-tang, has been reported to inhibit melanin biosynthesis [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A water extract of Samchulkunbi-tang attenuates airway inflammation by inhibiting inos and MMP-9 activities in an ovalbumin-induced murine asthma model

Lee

Shin

Lim

et al. 2012

BMC Complement Altern Med

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BackgroundIn this study, we investigated the effect of Samchulkunbi-tang water extract (SCTE) in an established mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma. The effects of SCTE on the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, eotaxin, and total and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity were measured.MethodsMice were sensitized on days 0 and 14 with an intraperitoneal injection of 20 μg ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified in 2 mg aluminum hydroxide in 200 μL PBS buffer. On days 21, 22, and 23, mice received an airway exposure to OVA (1%, w/v, in PBS) for 1 h. SCTE was administered orally to mice at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg per day from days 18 to 23.ResultsSCTE reduced the number of inflammatory cells, cytokines, and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and iNOS expression and MMP-9 activity in mouse lung tissue. Histological studies using hematoxylin & eosin and periodic acid-schiff staining showed that SCTE substantially inhibited OVA-induced inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue and goblet cell hyperplasia in the airway. SCTE also reduced IL-4 and IL-13 expression in concanavalin-A-stimulated splenocytes. These results were similar to those obtained with montelukast as a positive control.ConclusionsCollectively, these results suggest that SCTE may be an effective oral treatment for allergic airway inflammation by virtue of its anti-inflammatory activity.

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“…7) Of constituents, ginsenosides have been reported to show biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, and anti-tumor activities. [8][9][10][11][12] The ginsenosides are classified as protopanaxadiols or protopanaxatriols. Orally administered protopanaxadiol-type and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides are metabolized to 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) via compound K and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) via ginsenoside Rh1, respectively, by gut microbiota.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-fatigue Effects of 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxadiol and 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxatriol in Mice

Kim²,

Choi

et al. 2015

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER, Araliaceae), which contains protopanaxadiol-type and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, has been used for inflammation, fatigue, stress, and tumor in Asian countries. Orally administered ginsenosides are metabolized to their aglycones 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) by gut microbiota. However, their anti-fatigue effects have not been studied thoroughly. Therefore, we investigated the anti-fatigue activities of PPD and PPT in mice, using the weightloaded swimming (WLS) and the rota-rod tests. Ginseng water extract (GW), ginseng saponin fraction (GWS) and ginseng polysaccharide fraction (GWP) at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg and PPD and PPT at 5 and 10 mg/kg were orally administered to mice once daily for 5 d. GW, GWS, and PPT significantly increased the WLS time, however, GWP and PPD did not cause any significant change. PPT induced the most significant increase in WLS time. PPD (10 mg/kg) and PPT (5 and 10 mg/kg) inhibited the WLS-induced increase in corticosterone, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatinine levels as well as the reduction in glucose level. PPT increased the riding time in the rota-rod test, and also inhibited corticosterone, lactate, and creatinine levels. These findings suggest that the anti-fatigue effect of ginseng may be attributable to its saponins, particularly PPT, rather than to its polysaccharides. Key words Panax ginseng; 20(S)-protopanaxadiol; 20(S)-protopanaxatriol; fatigueFatigue is described as the lack of energy and motivation to initiate and sustain voluntary physical and mental activities.1) Physical fatigue is the transient inability of a muscle to maintain physical performance and is made more severe by physical stress. Mental fatigue is a transient decrease in cognitive performance. Most cases of fatigue may be attributed to lifestyle factors such as alcohol abuse and excessive physical activity, medical conditions such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, or psychological problems such as anxiety and stress. Therefore, natural products including ginseng have been studied with the aim of developing anti-fatigue drugs to improve athletic ability, delay fatigue, and enhance the elimination of fatigue in humans. [2][3][4][5][6] Ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER, Araliaceae) has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for enhancing body strength, recovering physical balance, and stimulating metabolic function in Asian countries. It contains various active constituents such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, polyacetylenes, phenolic compounds, and peptides. 7)Of constituents, ginsenosides have been reported to show biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, and anti-tumor activities. [8][9][10][11][12] The ginsenosides are classified as protopanaxadiols or protopanaxatriols. Orally administered protopanaxadiol-type and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides are metabolized to 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) via compound K and 20(S)-protopanax...

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Anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginseng saponins in activated microglia

Cited by 131 publications

References 48 publications

Anti-inflammatory potential of total saponins derived from the roots of Panax ginseng in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Anti-inflammatory potential of total saponins derived from the roots of Panax ginseng in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

A water extract of Samchulkunbi-tang attenuates airway inflammation by inhibiting inos and MMP-9 activities in an ovalbumin-induced murine asthma model

Anti-fatigue Effects of 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxadiol and 20(<i>S</i>)-Protopanaxatriol in Mice

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