Anti-inflammatory polysaccharides of Azadirachta indica seed tegument

Abstract

Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Meliaceae, or Indian neem is a plant used to treat inflammatory disorders. Total polysaccharide (TPL) and FI (fractioned by ion exchange chromatography) from the seed tegument of A. indica were evaluated in models of acute inflammation (paw edema/peritonitis) using Wistar rats. Paw edema (measured by hydroplethysmometry) was induced s.c. by λ-carrageenan (300 μg), histamine (100 μg), serotonin (20 μg), compound 48/80 (10 μg), prostaglandin (PGE 2 30 μg) or L-arginine (15 μg). Peritonitis (analyzed for leukocyte counts/protein dosage) was induced i.p. by carrageenan (500 mg) or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP 50 ng). Animals were treated i.v. with TPL (1 mg/kg) or FI (0.01, 0.1, 1 mg/kg) 30 min before stimuli. FI toxicity (at 0.1 mg/kg, i.v. for seven days) was analyzed by the variation of body/organ mass and hematological/biochemical parameters. TPL extraction yielded 1.3%; FI, presenting high carbohydrate and low protein content, at 0.1 mg/kg inhibited paw edema induced by carrageenan (77%), serotonin (54%), PGE 2 (69%) and nitric oxide (73%), and the peritonitis elicited by carrageenan (48%) or fMLP (67%), being well tolerated by animals. FI exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity, revealing to be important active component in traditionally prepared remedies to treat inflammatory states.

A comprehensive review of phytochemical profile, bioactives for pharmaceuticals, and pharmacological attributes of Azadirachta indica

“…Fractioned ion exchange residue residue showed more prominent activity than TP, which rationalized the traditional use of A . indica as anti‐inflammatory agent (Pereira, Silva, Silva, Assreuy, & Pereira, ). Nimbidin, a tetranortriterpenes extracted from seed oil, possessed anti‐inflammatory and antiarthritis activities (Kaur, Sarwar‐Alam, & Athar, ; Ojha, ).…”

<b>Polysaccharide extract of <i>Mimosa tenuiflora</i> stem barks stimulates acute inflammatory response via nitric oxide

“…EP-Mt revealed high content of carbohydrate (41%), which was superior in comparison with that obtained from C. ferrea (31%) (Pereira et al, 2012a) and Erigeron canadensis flowers (34.1%) (Pawlaczyk et al, 2011). Importantly, the protein content (0.34%) was much less compared to the polysaccharides of Geoffroea spinosa barks (9%) (Silva et al, 2015), C. ferrea (3%) (Pereira et al, 2012a) and A. indica (4%) (Pereira et al, 2012b), both extracted by the same protocol. The low content of protein and high content of carbohydrate are justified by the conditions of polysaccharide extraction: high temperature, depigmentation by methanol, alkaline extraction and precipitation with ethanol (Yoon et al, 2002, Pereira et al, 2012a.…”

“…The brown colored polysaccharide extract of M. tenuiflora stem barks (EP-Mt) yielded 3.8%, higher than those obtained from Caesalpinia ferrea pods (2.8%) (Pereira et al, 2012a) and Azadirachta indica teguments (1.3%), extracted by similar procedures (Pereira, Silva, Silva, Assreuy, & Pereira, 2012b). Yield variations of polysaccharide extraction can be explained by the changes in their distribution in plant parts and also by the type of extraction employed (Gottlieb & Borin, 2004).…”

Phytochemical and Antinociceptive, Anti‐Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Studies of Smilax larvata (Smilacaceae)

“…The potential effect of the SLG extract on acute inflammation was evaluated in carrageenan-induced paw edema model, according to the method described previously by Pereira et al, 2012 [18]. After a 12-hour fasting period, four groups of six to eight rats each were orally treated with SLG (100, 200, or 400 mg/Kg) or vehicle (1% Teen 80, equivalent volume).…”