Anti‐inflammatory response to acute exercise is related with intensity and physical fitness

Abstract

Purpose The relationship between inflammatory markers and energetic metabolism has been explored. However, the relationship between exercise intensity and fitness status is unclear, and it is necessary to understand this relationship to apply specific exercise guidance. The purpose of the study was to analyze metabolic and inflammatory responses imposed by acute exercise sessions performed at moderate, heavy, and severe intensities and their relationship with the physical fitness status. Methods Nineteen healthy male volunteers performed three acute exercise sessions until exhaustion or up to 60 minutes on a cycle ergometer at moderate (90% of first ventilatory threshold [VT1]), heavy (midpoint between VT1 and second ventilatory threshold [VT2]), and severe (midpoint between VT2 and maximal aerobic power) intensities. Blood lactate, glucose, NEFA, endotoxin, and cytokines were determined for each exercise session. Peripheral and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐6, and IL‐10 was analyzed before, after, and 60 minutes after sessions. Results In peripheral blood, severe intensity increased lactate, endotoxin, and TNF‐α immediately after exercise and glucose at 60 min after exercise. There was a trend for IL‐10 increase at 60 minutes after exercise in peripheral blood. Immediately after exercise, LPS‐stimulated TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐6/IL‐10 ratio, and lactate levels were higher in the severe intensity while nonester fatty acid levels decreased at this time. At 60 minute after exercise, higher concentrations of glucose and a trend for increased IL‐10 were observed in severe intensity. A positive correlation was observed between maximal aerobic power and IL‐10 ( r = 0.513; P = 0.042), and negative correlations between maximal aerobic power and endotoxin ( r = −0.531; P = 0.034) and lactate ( r = −0.538; P = 0.031) in heavy intensity. Conclusion Our data show a novel finding that higher cytokine responses occur at higher intensities, mainly in severe intensity. However, the anti‐inflammatory (IL‐10) response was physical fitness–dependent.

Exercise prevents the adverse effects of maternal obesity on placental vascularization and fetal growth

“…On the other hand, exercise can suppress inflammation as a result of obesity (Antunes et al . ), which may promote placental angiogenesis (Reyes & Davenport, ). In addition, enlargement of the junctional zone in the placenta increases the number of spongiotrophoblast cells, which is important for maintaining endocrine function within the junctional zone (Coan et al .…”

Exercise intensity and physical fitness modulate lipoproteins profile during acute aerobic exercise session

“…A total of 24 healthy male individuals were recruited to participate in the present study, divided into two experiments in order to investigate firstly the peripheral responses modulated by acute exercise sessions (n = 12) and, secondly, the possible molecular mechanisms associated with physical fitness status (n = 12). Thus, in the first experiment, a sample of 12 apparently healthy male individuals (age = 29.7 ± 5.9 years; body mass = 71.7 ± 9.8 kg; body mass index (BMI) = 24.0 ± 2.6 kg/m²) was included and divided according maximal oxygen uptake into Low (VO 2max = 41.0 ± 4.2 mL.kg −1 .min −1 ) and High (VO 2max = 62.8 ± 4.9 mL.kg −1 .min −1 ) VO 2max groups based on previous studies conducted by our group 13,15 . All participants were required to complete three acute aerobic exercise sessions, one each at low, moderate, and high intensities.…”

“…Posteriorly, twelve individuals performed three acute aerobic sessions at low (<60% VO 2max -below of aerobic threshold), moderate (60-75% VO 2max -between aerobic and anaerobic thresholds), and high (>90% VO 2max -above anaerobic thresholds) intensities up to 60 minutes or until voluntary exhaustion. The maximal incremental test and acute aerobic exercise sessions were conducted as previously published by the authors 13,15 .…”

“…In addition to moderate exercise intensity, there is growing interest in studies investigating the effects of physical exercise performed at high intensity, given that this protocol appears to be capable of imposing positive modulation on the metabolism performed in less time, such as by regulating the inflammatory responses in healthy 13 and overweight/obese men 14 . Hence, the exercise intensity looks as an interesting factor to provide positive responses to metabolism though the impact of acute aerobic exercise performed at different intensities on modeling atherogenic and anti-atherogenic parameters according to physical fitness status is unclear.…”

Changes in circulating microRNA and arterial stiffness following high‐intensity interval and moderate intensity continuous exercise

“…Both long term changes with aging and acute exercise‐induced changes in arterial stiffness may result from a combination of altered hemodynamics, sympathetic stimulation, inflammatory factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS), vascular tone, and other circulating factors (Atkinson, Carter, et al, 2015; Atkinson, Lewis, et al, 2015; Dawson, Green, & Cable, 2013,; Heffernan, Edwards, Rossow, Jae, & Fernhall, 2007; Johnson & Wallace, 2012; Mutter et al., 2017; Seals, Nagy, & Moreau, 2019; Shirwany & Zou, 2010). High‐intensity endurance exercise results in greater and unique changes in many of these stimuli, which are proposed to explain the larger impairment in endothelial function often observed immediately after higher intensity compared to low‐moderate intensity exercise (Antunes et al., 2019; Birk et al., 2013; Dawson et al., 2013,; Johnson, Mather, Newcomer, Mickleborough, & Wallace, 2012; McClean, Harris, Brown, Brown, & Davison, 2015; Peake et al., 2005). It is less clear whether there are exercise intensity‐dependent changes in arterial stiffness and what factors may potentially contribute to such differences (Mutter et al., 2017; Pierce et al., 2018).…”