Anti-Mullerian hormone in health and disease: a review

Abstract

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a homodimeric glycoprotein, member of the transforming growth factor β family of growth and differentiation factors. In the ovary, AMH has an inhibitory effect on primordial follicle recruitment as well as on the responsiveness of growing follicles to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The ovary-specific expression pattern in granulosa cells of growing non-selected follicles makes AMH an ideal marker for the size of the ovarian follicle pool. AMH levels accurately reflect the ovarian follicular reserve and could, therefore, be considered as an extremely sensitive marker of ovarian aging and a valuable tool in the diagnosis and the recognition of recurrence of granulosa cell tumors. Furthermore, AMH could be a surrogate diagnostic marker of polycystic ovary syndrome in cases in which ultrasonographic examination is not possible. Additionally AMH evaluation is of clinical importance in predicting the success of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Special reference is made to the possible implications of AMH in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome and the relationship between AMH and obesity. AMH also plays important role in evaluation of infants with ambiguous genitalia and other intersex conditions. This article is a review of the clinical usefulness of AMH evaluation in the fields of gynecological endocrinology, menopause, gynecological oncology and assisted reproduction and also in pediatric patients.

Candidates selection for oocyte donation in a public gamete bank—Predictive value of the anti-Müllerian hormone

“…AMH levels seem to be an early, reliable and (in)direct indicator of declining ovarian function, very useful in the clinical setting when evaluating fertility in women. 4 , 6 Hamdine et al (2015) demonstrated that AMH is an adequate predictor for both high and low response in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist cycles for assisted reproductive techniques (ART) and the optimization and individualization of this protocols may be improved by using an AMH-tailored approach. 7 A systematic review and meta-analysis performed in 2022 revealed that AMH had better prediction for live birth in advanced age women and may have implicative predictive value for assisted conception counseling of couples of advanced ages when performing ART.…”

Serum anti-Mullerian hormone and homocysteine in premenopausal females with and without cardiovascular disease

“…3 It is a homodimeric glycoprotein belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) super family. 4 AMH has been reported to fall to very low levels as early as 5 years prior to the final menstrual period and ovarian production of AMH ceases as women enter menopause. This is a continuum rather than an abrupt event.…”