Anti-proliferative and matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibition of Longkong (Lansium domesticum) extracts on human mouth epidermal carcinoma

Abstract

Context: Longkong [Lansium domesticum Corr. (Meliaceae)] is a popular tropical plant producing economic edible fruits found mainly in Southeast Asia. However, limited information is available concerning anticancer activity of Longkong. Objective: To investigate anticancer activities in human mouth epidermal carcinoma (KB) of Longkong extracts. Materials and methods: Various parts of Longkong which was collected from Northern and Eastern of Thailand were extracted by the hot and cold processes using water, chloroform, and methanol. The extracts were tested for anti-oxidative activities and anti-proliferation as well as matrix metalloproteinase inhibition on KB cells. Results: The hot water extract of seeds from Northern region (NSEWH), the cold water extract of old leaves from Northern region (NOLWC), and the hot chloroform extract of young leaves from Eastern region (EYLCH) showed the highest free radical scavenging, metal ion chelating, and lipid peroxidation inhibition with SC 50 , MC 50 and IPC 50 values of 0.34 AE 0.03, 0.47 AE 1.60 and 0.86 AE 0.31 mg/ml, respectively. The hot and cold chloroform extract of young fruits from Northern region (NYFCH and NYFCC) exhibited anti-proliferation effect against KB cells with IC 50 values of 603.45 AE 55.35 and 765.06 AE 46.19 mg/ml, respectively. NYFCC exhibited the highest pro-and active MMP-2 inhibition at 53.03 AE 2.65 and 31.30 AE 0.43%, more than all tested standard anticancer drugs except cisplatin. Discussion and conclusion: The cold chloroform extract of young fruits from Northern region appeared to contain anticancer active compounds against KB cells because of its high anti-proliferation and MMP-2 inhibition activities.

Lansium domesticum—A Fruit with Multi-Benefits: Traditional Uses, Phytochemicals, Nutritional Value, and Bioactivities

“…Phytochemical screening of the bark revealed the existence of anthraquinones, alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, and iridoids [ 24 ]. Further, a toxic constituent such as lansium acid (6%) was detected in the peel [ 52 , 53 ]…”

“…Further, the phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate (LDSK50-EA) and aqueous (LDSK50-H 2 O) fractions of longkong peels illustrated the presence of phenolics, mainly chlorogenic acid ( 29 ), rutin ( 30 ), and scopoletin ( 31 ) [ 51 ]. It is noteworthy to state that the pericarp possessed a higher flavonoid content than flesh, while the seeds have no flavonoids [ 53 ]. A high flavonoids yield was observed in the fruit extracted with hot H 2 O in comparison to other kinds of solvents [ 43 ].…”

“…Besides, Manosroi et al, stated that the young fruit hot (NYFCH) and cold chloroform (NYFCC) extracts from the Northern region exhibited antiproliferative effect towards KB cells (IC 50 603.45 and 765.06 µg/mL, respectively) in the SRB assay, compared to cisplatin (IC 50 12.72 µg/mL), fluorouracil (IC 50 12.94 µg/mL), doxorubicin (IC 50 0.82 µg/mL), and vincristine (IC 50 0.03 µg/mL). The triterpenoids in the chloroform extracts may be accountable for this effect [ 53 ]. Additionally, they had higher active MMP-2 inhibitory potential (53.03 and 31.30% for NYFCC and 49.40 and 21.72% for NYFCH) than all anticancer agents except cisplatin.…”

“…Additionally, they had higher active MMP-2 inhibitory potential (53.03 and 31.30% for NYFCC and 49.40 and 21.72% for NYFCH) than all anticancer agents except cisplatin. The antioxidative triterpenes in hot chloroform extract inhibited matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), which regulate invasion and cellular motility of cancer cells, indicating that the NYFCH could be further developed to an oral anticancer agent [ 53 ].…”

Determination of Antiradical Activity, Total Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid Contents of Extracts and Fractions of Langsat (Lansium domesticum Coor.) Seeds

“…The seeds are used as a fever remedy, the bark is used as medicine to treat scorpion sting (Tilaar et al, 2008), and the leaves are used to repel mosquitoes (Klungsupya et al, 2015). Besides that, some studies showed that L. domesticum has antimalarial (Saewan et al, 2006), antiproliferation (matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibition on human oral epidermal carcinoma) (Manosroi et al, 2013), anti-oxidative, and analgesic activity (Apridamayanti et al, 2018).…”