Anti-Xa monitoring improves low-molecular-weight heparin effectiveness in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Carrying miRNA as a Potential Multi Target Therapy to COVID-19: an In Silico Analysis

“…However, a few patients shows heparin resistance and have extremely high levels of Factor VIII, fibrinogen and D-dimer [ 29 ]. Yet, doses and time of administration of anticoagulant treatment or prophylaxis still diverge between hospitals and medical institutions [ 18 , 30 ].…”

International COVID-19 thrombosis biomarkers colloquium: COVID-19 diagnostic tests

“…In patients with COVID-19, LMWH monitoring based on anti-FXa levels is noted in the society guidelines in patients with severe renal impairment but not for routine monitoring (Table 1 ). This recommendation is based on the artefactual prolongation of aPTT secondary to lupus anticoagulants and the high prevalence of heparin resistance (nearly 80%) in patients with COVID-19 due to elevated levels of fibrinogen and factor VIII [ 7 , 9 , 10 ]. The recommended target for anti-FXa level is 0.3–0.7 IU/mL.…”

COVID-19 in thrombosis research: An editorial perspective

“…Considering the above, the most urgent unanswered questions on venous thromboembolism prevention in COVID-19 patients include whether (i) early thromboprophylaxis may improve the course of the disease among outpatients [ 41 ], (ii) the intensity of standard in-hospital thromboprophylaxis is adequate given their substantial thrombotic risk during hospitalization, particularly among ICU patients [ [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] ], and (iii) post-discharge anticoagulation may provide clinical benefit [ 5 ]. Moreover, the peculiar characteristics of PE in COVID-19 patients [ 36 ] raised the dilemma whether the efficacy and safety of available anticoagulants are maintained in the setting of COVID-19 [ [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] ]. Indeed, some work has been done to optimize the monitoring of parenteral and oral anticoagulants [ 47 , [49] , [50] , [51] , 53 ] with the ultimate aim of individualizing thromboprophylaxis and treatment protocols [ 46 ].…”

“…Moreover, the peculiar characteristics of PE in COVID-19 patients [ 36 ] raised the dilemma whether the efficacy and safety of available anticoagulants are maintained in the setting of COVID-19 [ [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] ]. Indeed, some work has been done to optimize the monitoring of parenteral and oral anticoagulants [ 47 , [49] , [50] , [51] , 53 ] with the ultimate aim of individualizing thromboprophylaxis and treatment protocols [ 46 ]. COVID-19-specific pre-analytical [ 53 ] and logistical issues [ 47 ], however, have been shown to represent barriers to optimal anticoagulant management in both the out- and inpatient settings.…”