Antiamnesic Effects of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Chestnut (Castanea crenata var. dulcis) Inner Skin on Aβ_25–35-Induced Cognitive Deficits in Mice

Abstract

To investigate neuronal cell protective effects of an ethyl acetate fraction from chestnut inner skin, in vitro assays, including 2 0 ,7 0 -dichlorofluorescein diacetate, 3-[4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were performed. Intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species resulting from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment of PC12 cells was significantly reduced when ethyl acetate fractions were present in the medium compared to PC12 cells treated with H2O2 only. In a cell viability assay using MTT, the ethyl acetate fraction protected against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity, and inhibited LDH release into the medium. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction improved in vivo cognitive ability against amyloid b-peptide (Ab)-induced neuronal deficit. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses showed that gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin were predominant phenolics in the ethyl acetate fraction. Consequently, the results suggest that chestnut inner skin, including above phenolics, could ameliorate Ab-induced learning and memory deficiency, and be utilized as effective substances for neurodegenerative disorders, notably Alzheimer's disease.

Black Soybean Extract Protects Against TMT-Induced Cognitive Defects in Mice

“…16 Our previous research observed that pretreatment with the ethyl acetate fraction from chestnut inner skin increased spontaneous alternations in behavior in Ab-injected mice (5 mg/kg of the sample: 91%; 10 mg/kg of the sample: 98%; 20 mg/kg of the sample: 104%). 26 When comparing those data with this study, in vivo data showed that the groups pretreated with the nonanthocyanins from black soybean increased spontaneous alternation behavior after TMTinduction (5 mg/kg: N5, 97.36%; 10 mg/kg: N10, 103.21%; 20 mg/kg: N20, 106.02%). As shown in Figures 4 and 5, mice treated with the nonanthocyanins also exhibited attenuated TMT-induced impairment in a dose-dependent manner.…”

Antiamnesic Effect ofActinidia argutaExtract Intake in a Mouse Model of TMT-Induced Learning and Memory Dysfunction

“…Levels of intracellular ROS were measured using the DCF-DA assay [ 4 ]. DCF-DA as a nonfluorescent compound, upon entering into a cell, is deesterified, and then it forms substrate (fluorescence DCF) by intracellular ROS such as H 2 O 2 .…”

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the products of oxygen metabolic processes, such as the superoxide anion radical ( • O 2 − ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and hydroxyl radical ( • OH), can cause neuronal apoptosis and impair cellular function and membrane integrity [ 4 ]. Many researchers have not only demonstrated an increase of oxidative stress in the brains of AD patients but also reported that the increase of antioxidant uptake is inversely related to the risk of AD incidence [ 5 ].…”

Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory events in Bv-2 microglia by chestnut peel extract

“…It was then oven-dried at 40 °C for 48 h, and ground to a powder using conventional mixer. The ethyl acetate fraction from the water extract of chestnut inner skin was obtained as described previously [7]. CCP powder (200 g) was suspended and extracted with 1L of water at 70 °C for 2h in a heating mantle.…”

“…from the family Fagaceae has been used in folk medicine in many countries for centuries and several studies have reported antioxidant, antiallergic, antidiabetic and anti-amnesic properties [6,7]. The Chestnut peel has also been used as a cosmetic material for a long time in Korea and other Asian countries.…”