Antibacterial Activity of Human Cervical Mucus

Zuckerman, H; Kahana, A.; Carmel, S.

doi:10.1159/000301522

Cited by 28 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Cervical mucus has antimicrobial activity which reaches a maximum inhibitory effect on the 14th day and declines towards the end of the cycle. The combined oral contraceptive cancels the antimicrobial activity for a variety of organisms 31 . Cervical secretion possesses a concentration dependent antichlamydial activity which appears to be independent of antibody titres to C. trachomatis 32 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal factors and the laboratory detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: implications for screening?

Crowley

Horner²,

Hughes³

et al. 1997

Int J STD AIDS

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One thousand and fifty-six new and re-registered consecutive women attending a genitourinary medicine clinic requiring speculum examination were screened for Chlamydia trachomatis by enzyme immunoassay (IDEIA, Dako Diagnostics Ltd). Of 1022 women who had results available for both cervix and urethra C. trachomatis was detected in 8.8% (89/1022) in any site, 2.3% (23/1022) in both sites, 4.9% (51/1022) at the cervix alone and 1.5% (15/1022) at the urethra alone. Thus sampling at the urethra increased detection by 17% (15/89). Analysis of 808 women with a regular menstrual cycle showed a significant association of combined oral contraceptive use, age and ectropion with the detection of C. trachomatis. The detection of C. trachomatis showed a significant variation with the menstrual cycle (P = 0.023) (relative risk (rr) 1.7 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.0-2.8)). It was detected significantly more often in the latter part. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that ectropion and age were the stronger determinants of C. trachomatis detection and not oral contraceptive use or menstrual cycle. The variation in detection of C. trachomatis with the menstrual cycle was independently associated with combined oral contraceptive use and the lack of a cervical ectropion. The increased detection at the cervix was present after the second week in combined oral contraceptive users (P = 0.008) (rr = 2.3 (1.2-4.5)) but only after the 3rd week in women without an ectropion (P = 0.004) (rr = 2.7 (1.3-5.5)). Combined oral contraceptives, ectropion and youth, are markers for the carriage of C. trachomatis in the lower genital tract of women. It is also detected significantly more often in the latter part of the menstrual cycle in women who are oral contraceptive users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal factors and the laboratory detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: implications for screening?

Crowley

Horner²,

Hughes³

et al. 1997

Int J STD AIDS

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“…Several studies have analyzed the immune factors responsible for the antimicrobial properties of cervical mucus in nonpregnant women. These include a variety of polypeptides with activity against a broad range of microorganisms (2–6), as well as immunoglobulins, mainly in the form of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and IgG (7–10). Although the immune factors operating during pregnancy have also been studied (11–16), samples have been characterized in some studies as representing “cervical mucus in pregnancy” and in others as “cervical mucus plug” leading to difficulties in collective interpretation of results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoglobulin levels and phagocytes in the cervical mucus plug at term of pregnancy

Hein

Petersen²,

Helmig

et al. 2005

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

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“…Hein et al concluded that “The high immunoglobulin levels in combination with the presence of phagocytes suggest a potential for adaptive immune defense in the cervical mucus plug, which, together with innate immune factors, may act as an immunological gatekeeper protecting the fetomaternal unit against infection from the vagina” [15]. Although using double cerclage to preserve the mucus plug is somehow new in reproductive research, but the role of mucus plug preventing ascending infections gets back close to the time when traditional single cerclage was introduced [16, 17]. Using a double cerclage procedure can be supported by two plausible mechanisms; one being double strengthened weak cervix, and the other can be preventing ascending infection by preserving the mucus plug [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viable Extreme Preterm Birth and Some Neonatal Outcomes in Double Cerclage versus Traditional Cerclage: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Broumand

Bahadori

Behrouzi-Lak

et al. 2011

The Scientific World JOURNAL

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The pregnant women at higher risk of preterm labor, referred to the perinatal clinic of Kosar University Hospital in Urmia district of Iran, were enrolled into a parallel randomized clinical trial. In the investigational arm of the clinical trial, a double cervical cerclage procedure was performed addition to McDonald cerclage. In the control group however, only McDonald cerclage was performed. Extreme preterm labor (GA < 33 weeks) was the primary endpoint of this clinical trial. Age, gestational age at cerclage time, and gravidity were not found to be statistically different between the groups. Means of gestational age were 37.4 and 36.2 weeks, respectively, for the investigational and control groups. The gestational age was 1.2 weeks longer for double cerclage group but the difference was not found to be statistically significant. Preterm birth before 33 weeks of gestation was not experienced by any of the patients who received double cerclage, but five women in control group developed such an extreme preterm labor (P < 0.05). The absolute risk reduction in using double cerclage over traditional method was 18 percent (95% confidence interval, 4%–32%). Double cerclage appeared to have higher efficacy than traditional cerclage in preventing preterm labor <33 weeks of gestation.

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Antibacterial Activity of Human Cervical Mucus

Cited by 28 publications

References 5 publications

Hormonal factors and the laboratory detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: implications for screening?

Hormonal factors and the laboratory detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: implications for screening?

Immunoglobulin levels and phagocytes in the cervical mucus plug at term of pregnancy

Viable Extreme Preterm Birth and Some Neonatal Outcomes in Double Cerclage versus Traditional Cerclage: A Randomized Clinical Trial

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