Immunoglobulin levels and phagocytes in the cervical mucus plug at term of pregnancy

Hein, Merete; Petersen, Astrid; Helmig, Rikke Bek; Uldbjerg, Niels; Reinholdt, Jesper

doi:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00525.x

Cited by 66 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The cervical mucous plug contains high levels of immunoglobulin and phagocytic cells, and is thought to act as a gatekeeper to protect the fetomaternal unit against ascending microbes. 19 The loss of the cervical canal's ability to produce a sufficient mucous plug may increase the risk of infection and preterm delivery. The much higher occurrence of PPROM in the present study may also have been caused by this loss of a functional mucous plug.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

After conisation of the cervix, the perinatal mortality as a result of preterm delivery increases in subsequent pregnancy

Ørtoft¹,

Henriksen

Hansen

et al. 2010

BJOG

123

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Objective To determine the effects of one or two conisations on preterm delivery and perinatal mortality in subsequent pregnancies.Design A population-based cohort study.Setting Aarhus University Hospital.Population Preterm delivery and mortality rates were evaluated in 721 deliveries after one conisation, and in 37 deliveries after two conisations, and were compared with 390 deliveries after dysplasia and 74 552 deliveries that were not preceded by conisation or dysplasia.Methods Cox regression was used to evaluate preterm delivery rates and perinatal mortality.Main outcome measures Birthweight, gestational age (prior to 28, 32, and 37 weeks of gestation, respectively) and perinatal mortality.Results The risk of preterm delivery was increased after one conisation [adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI): <37 weeks, 2.8 (2.3-3.5); <28 weeks, 4.9 (2.5-9.7)], and was further increased after two conisations [adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI): <37 weeks, 9.9 (6-17); <28 weeks, 9.8 (1.4-70)], compared with no conisation. One conisation was associated with an increased perinatal mortality [<28 weeks, 9.9 (4.0-25)]. All three methods of conisation [large loop excision of the transformation zone, electroknife and cold knife] increased the risk of preterm delivery.Conclusions A single conisation was associated with a 2.8-fold increased risk of perinatal death, most likely because of a 4.9-fold increase in extreme preterm delivery. Only 37 patients had two conisations, and the results showed a ten-fold increase in the risk of preterm delivery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

After conisation of the cervix, the perinatal mortality as a result of preterm delivery increases in subsequent pregnancy

Ørtoft¹,

Henriksen

Hansen

et al. 2010

BJOG

123

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“…4 Upper genital tract infection has been presumed to be due to pathologic ascent of vaginal bacteria in to the upper genital tract. The physical barrier of cervical mucous, its high concentrations of antimicrobial peptides and inflammatory cytokines, 5–9 and possibly immunoglobulins 10 or matrix degrading enzymes 11 in the mucous plug are thought to provide a defense against bacterial ascent and the uterine cavity of healthy women has long been considered sterile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colonization of the upper genital tract by vaginal bacterial species in nonpregnant women

Mitchell

Haick

Nkwopara

et al. 2015

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

302

240

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Objective Evaluate upper genital tract (UGT) presence of vaginal bacterial species using sensitive molecular methods capable of detecting fastidious bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated bacteria. Study Design Vaginal swabs were collected prior to hysterectomy. The excised uterus was sterilely opened and swabs collected from endometrium and upper endocervix. DNA was tested in 11 quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for 12 bacterial species: Lactobacillus iners, L. crispatus, L. jensenii, Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Megasphaera spp., Prevotella spp., Leptotrichia/Sneathia, BVAB1, BVAB2, BVAB3 and a broad-range16S rRNA gene assay. Endometrial fluid was tested with Luminex and ELISA for cytokines and defensins, and tissue for gene expression of defensins and cathelicidin. Results We enrolled 58 women: mean age 43 + 7 years, mostly white (n = 46; 79%) and BV-negative (n = 43; 74%). By species-specific qPCR, 55 (95%) had UGT colonization with at least one species (n = 52), or were positive by 16S PCR (n = 3). The most common species were L. iners (45% UGT, 61% vagina), Prevotella spp. (33% UGT, 76% vagina) and L. crispatus (33% UGT, 56% vagina). Median quantities of bacteria in the UGT were lower than vaginal levels by 2–4 log10 rRNA gene copies/swab. There were no differences in endometrial inflammatory markers between women with no bacteria, Lactobacillus only or any BV-associated species in the UGT. Conclusion Our data suggest that the endometrial cavity is not sterile in most women undergoing hysterectomy, and that the presence of low levels of bacteria in the uterus is not associated with significant inflammation.

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“…The so-cal led "mu cus plu g" is thrown out at the be gin ning and/or just be fo re the be ginning of la bor. 5,7 The an ti mic ro bi al ef fect of cer vical mu cus is not cle arly known. The two pos sib le re a sons of this are the dif fi cul ti es in ob ta i ning that vis co us hydro gel and rhe o lo gic pro per ti es of the mu cus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,8 Alt ho ugh the re are so me stu di es in the FI GU RE 1: The up per disk has a ha lo zo ne (is an ti mic ro bi al ac ti vity po si ti ve cer vi cal mu cus) The lo wer disk has no ha lo zo ne (is an ti mic ro bi al ac ti vity nega ti ve cer vi cal mu cus).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Exploring the Antimicrobial Effects of Cervical Mucus in Pregnants and Its Relationship with the Course of Pregnancy

Gül¹,

Tuncer²,

Berktaş³

2010

Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci

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A AB BS S TTR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : To in ves ti ga te whet her the cer vi cal mu cus in preg nants has an ti mic ro bi al activity in vit ro and to de ter mi ne its re la ti ons hip with prog no sis of preg nancy. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et t h ho od ds s: : Cervi cal mu cus samp les we re col lec ted from 50 wo men with sing le preg nancy du ring the first tri mes ter. Ste ri li zed Wart man pa pers we re so a ked in to mu cus samp les and dri ed un der ste ri le con di ti ons. Cul turing was per for med by disk dif fu si on met hod which uses Mil ler Hin ton me di um and Mac-Far land 0.5 so lu ti on pre pa red with Staph ylo coc cus au re us, Esc he ric hi a co li, Kleb si el la pne u mo ni a and Can di da albi cans. Po si ti ve or ne ga ti ve zo nes we re de ter mi ned by me a su ring the di a me ters of in hi bi ti on zo nes occur red fol lo wing 18 ho urs in cu ba ti on pe ri od. Prog no sis of preg nants with or wit ho ut an ti mic ro bi al ef fect of cer vi cal mu cus we re com pa red. R Re e s su ul lt ts s: : In 28 ca ses, it was de mons tra ted that cer vi cal mu cus had an ti mic ro bi al ef fects. Du ring the fol low-up pe ri od of 27 preg nants, 22 (81.5%) ga ve vi ab le birth in term, 3 (11.1%) had abor tus, and 1 (3.7%) had early mem bra ne rup tu re at 36th we ek of ges ta ti on. In 22 ca ses, cer vi cal mu cus sho wed no an ti mic ro bi al ef fect. 20 of the se fol lo wed-up and 14 (70.0%) parti ci pants ga ve vi ab le birth at term, 3 (15.0%) had abor tus, and 2 (10.0%) had pre term de li very. The re was no sta tis ti cally sig ni fi cant dif fe ren ce bet we en the two gro ups in terms of preg nancy prog no sis. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : Cer vi cal mu cus pre vents in fec ti ons from va gi na to up per ge ni tal or gans not only mec hani cally but al so by func ti o ning as a che mi cal bar ri er. In our study, it is es tab lis hed that presence or absence an ti mic ro bi al ef fect of mu cus do es not ha ve a sig ni fi cant im pact on the prog no sis of preg nancy. We think that stu di es with gre a ter num ber of par ti ci pants may gi ve dif fe rent re sults. K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Cer vix mu cus; preg nancy out co me; an ti-in fec ti ve agents; sec re tory le u kocy te pep ti da se in hi bi tor Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : İn vit ro ola rak ge be ler de ki ser vi kal mu ku sun an ti mik ro bi yal ak ti vi te ye sa hip olup, olma dı ğı nı araş tır mak ve ge be lik prog no zu ile olan iliş ki si ni sap ta mak. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Elli adet tekiz ilk tri mes tır ge be den ser vi kal mu kus alın dı. Mu kus lar steri li ze Wart man ka ğıt la rın dan ha zır lan mış disk le re em di ril di ve ste ril şart lar da ku ru tul du. Staph ylo coc cus au re us, Esc he ric hi a co li, Kleb si el la pne u mo ni a ve Can di da al bi cans'la ha zır lan mış Mac-Far land 0.5 so lus yon la rı, Mil ler Hin ton be si yerle ri kul la nı la rak disk dif füz yon yön te mi ile ekim ya pıl dı. On sekiz sa at lik in kü bas yon pe ri y...

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Immunoglobulin levels and phagocytes in the cervical mucus plug at term of pregnancy

Cited by 66 publications

References 43 publications

After conisation of the cervix, the perinatal mortality as a result of preterm delivery increases in subsequent pregnancy

After conisation of the cervix, the perinatal mortality as a result of preterm delivery increases in subsequent pregnancy

Colonization of the upper genital tract by vaginal bacterial species in nonpregnant women

Exploring the Antimicrobial Effects of Cervical Mucus in Pregnants and Its Relationship with the Course of Pregnancy

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