Antibacterial Activity of Salvadora persica L. (Miswak) Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Clinical Isolates

Abstract

Much effort has focused on examining the inhibitory effect of Salvadora persica (miswak) on oral microorganisms, but information concerning its antibacterial activity against other human pathogens, particularly multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates, is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial activities of Salvadora persica L. extracts against 10 MDR bacterial clinical isolates other than oral pathogens. The antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol miswak extracts was assessed using the agar dilution and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Overall, the 400 mg/mL of miswak extract was the most effective on all strains. The methanol extract exhibited a stronger antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (3.3–13.6 mm) than Gram-positive (1.8–8.3 mm) bacteria. The lowest MIC value was seen for E. coli (0.39, 1.56 µg/mL), followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (1.56 µg/mL). The highest MIC value (6.25, 12.5 µg/mL) was recorded for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the moderate to strong antibacterial activity of miswak extracts against all tested MDR-pathogens. Methanol extract appears to be a potent antimicrobial agent that could be considered as complementary and alternative medicine against resistant pathogens. Further studies on a large number of MDR organisms are necessary to investigate and standardize the inhibitory effect of miswak extracts against these emerging pathogens.

“Miswak” Based Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Evaluation and Comparison of Their Microbicidal Activities with the Chemical Synthesis

“…However, the role of the aqueous extract was largely as a reductant for the synthesis of NPs as the concentration used for the synthesis was too low to show its own antimicrobial activity (10–300 µg/mL). It has been demonstrated in an earlier study that the aqueous RE of S. persica L. exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity at concentrations range of 50–400 mg/mL [43]. In this study, antimicrobial activity of the RE was tested at a very low concentration (300 µg/mL, which is ~100 times lower), therefore, no antimicrobial activity was observed.…”

An Herbal Alternative to Control Nosocomial Pathogens in Aerosols and Splatter During Ultrasonic Scaling

“…baumannii may be attributed to the phytochemical components (trimethylamine, Salvadorin, chlorides, fluoride, silica, sulphur, vitamin C, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, sterols, beta-sitosterol, gallic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl gallate, galloyl glucose, chebulagic acid) of major active ingredients of Hiora-regular mouthwash such as Salvadora persica and Terminalia bellerica [24,25].…”

Biofilm inhibition of UTI pathogens using Terminalia arjuna and Ipomea carnea plant extract

“…Medicinal plants have been used for medicinal purposes worldwide, because of their significant health benefits. Various plant extract has great potential against infectious agents and can be used for therapeutic purposes (8) . The use of plant products, either as pure compounds or as standardized plant extracts, could be of great significance in the treatment of microbial diseases (9) .…”