Antibacterial carbazole alkaloids from Clausena harmandiana twigs

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“…In general, a compound that is heterocyclic, nitrogenous (at least one nitrogen derived from an amino acid) and has limited distribution within a plant is considered as an alkaloid. Among all screened alkaloids, the aaptamine, agelasine, indole, indolizidine, isoquinoline, piperazine, polyamine and quinolone exhibit antimicrobial potential [90][91][92][93]. However, alkaloids are not widely used for disease therapy because most of the compounds mentioned exhibit carcinogenic properties and may cause severe toxicity to humans [94][95].…”

Epidihydropinidine, the main piperidine alkaloid compound of Norway spruce (Picea abies) shows promising antibacterial and anti-Candida activity

“…An important driving force to explore new plants and other organisms for biologically active compounds is also the accelerating pace of habitat destruction and therefore loss of valuable species [46]. Generally higher plants are regarded as a rich source of antimicrobial compounds, among which alkaloids represent a promising class of bioactive compounds [47,48,49,50,51,52]. Antimicrobial activity of alkaloids is dependent on the structural class, so that piperidine, pyrrolidine and pumiliotoxine alkaloids have been found to be the most inhibitory [47,53,54].…”

Medicinal Potentials and Toxicity Concerns of Bioactive Principles

“…Moreover, recent review showed that certain alkaloids are medicinally applied as local anesthetic [70], stimulants -(caffeine, nicotine, threobromine, methylated derivatives of xanthine, methylated uric acids such as theacrine, methylliberine and libertine [7]), psychedelics, analgesics -(morphine [72,73], codeine [41], N-methyl-N-deethylaconitine [74]), bactericidal-(piperidine [75], harmandiamines A-C [76]), anti-cancer drugs -(camptothecin, vinblastine, vincristine [7,77]), anti-hypertensive agents -(serpentine [78][79][80][81]), cholinomimerics -(aceclidine [41]), spasmolysis agents - [82], vasodilators -(rutaecarpine [83]), anti-arrhythmia, anti-asthma [41], anti-malarials (quinine and artemisinin [7]) etc.…”

“…bound to a mono-or oligosaccharide or to uronic acid [64]. Glycobiology has revealed that the glycosidic residue is crucial for bioactivity; in other circumstances; glycosylation improves pharmacokinetic parameters and may serve as leads to the development of new and more active drugs, as typified by the recently developed antibiotics vancomycin [76]. A precise overview of physiologic role of glycosyl residue in bioactive principles as well as the structure/activity relationship has been described [169].…”