Antibacterial Multi-Layered Nanocellulose-Based Patches Loaded with Dexpanthenol for Wound Healing Applications

Abstract

Antibacterial multi-layered patches composed of an oxidized bacterial cellulose (OBC) membrane loaded with dexpanthenol (DEX) and coated with several chitosan (CH) and alginate (ALG) layers were fabricated by spin-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Four patches with a distinct number of layers (5, 11, 17, and 21) were prepared. These nanostructured multi-layered patches reveal a thermal stability up to 200 °C, high mechanical performance (Young’s modulus ≥ 4 GPa), and good moisture-uptake capacity (240–250%). Moreover, they inhibited the growth of the skin pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (3.2–log CFU mL−1 reduction) and were non-cytotoxic to human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). The in vitro release profile of DEX was prolonged with the increasing number of layers, and the time-dependent data imply a diffusion/swelling-controlled drug release mechanism. In addition, the in vitro wound healing assay demonstrated a good cell migration capacity, headed to a complete gap closure after 24 h. These results certify the potential of these multi-layered polysaccharides-based patches toward their application in wound healing.

Cellulose Nanocrystals/Chitosan-Based Nanosystems: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cellular Uptake on Breast Cancer Cells

“…The FTIR-ATR spectrum of the CNCs/FA-CS-FITC_3 nanosystem (Figure 2B) presents predominantly the characteristic vibrations of the CNCs at 3342 cm −1 (O-H stretching), 2902 cm −1 (C-H stretching), 1316 cm −1 (O-H in-plane bending), and 1032 cm −1 (C-O stretching) (Figure 2B) [36], but also those of the CS derivative, namely from: (i) chitosan at 3342 cm −1 (O-H and N-H stretching), 1636 cm −1 (C=O stretching and N-H bending), 1592 cm −1 (-NH 2 bending), 1380 cm −1 (-CH 2 bending), 1078 and 1032 cm −1 (C-O stretching) [37]; (ii) folic acid at 1688 cm −1 (C=O stretching), 1602 and 1481 cm −1 (C=C aromatic) cm −1 (phenyl ring) [38], and (iii) FITC at 1545, 1458 and 1378 cm −1 (xanthene ring skeletal C-C stretching) [39][40][41], as depicted in Figure 2A. However, the majority of these absorption bands overlap because of the common functional groups of the individual components (i.e., CNCs, CS, FA and FITC).…”

Natural Polymers-Based Materials: A Contribution to a Greener Future

“…Engineering natural polymers-based materials derived from polysaccharides and proteins is the main objective of the work carried out by the BioPol4fun research group. In the last decade, we have been intensively exploiting cellulose [ 63 , 64 ], nanocelluloses (e.g., bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) [ 61 , 65 , 66 ], nanofibrillated cellulose (CNFs) [ 67 , 68 ] and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) [ 69 ]), chitosan [ 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 ], pullulan [ 71 , 74 , 75 , 76 ], starch [ 68 ], hyaluronic acid [ 77 , 78 ], alginate [ 79 ], fucoidan [ 80 , 81 ], agar [ 82 ], lysozyme [ 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 ], and gelatin [ 87 ] ( Figure 1 ) to fabricate films [ 85 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 ], membranes [ 81 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 ], (nano)composites reference [ 64 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ], coatings [ 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 ], nanosystems [ …”

“…Cellulose is considered the most abundant biopolymer on the planet, being a constituent of most green plants and algae, and naturally secreted in its pure form by some strains of non-pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Komagataeibacter ) [ 66 , 110 ]. This polysaccharide is an eminent feedstock for materials development and can be employed in its native state [ 63 , 64 ] as cellulose derivatives, or in the form of nanofibrils (CNFs) reference [ 85 , 86 , 88 , 89 , 98 , 100 , 101 , 111 ], nanorods (CNCs) [ 69 ], or three-dimensional hydrogel pellicles (BNC) [ 77 , 78 , 79 , 81 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 ] to manufacture a wide range of materials, as shown in Table 1 . Therefore, the vast majority of the works of our research group entails cellulose nanoforms, i.e., cellulose with at least one dimension in the nanoscale, for the development of nanocomposites [ 98 , ...…”

Marine Polysaccharides for Wound Dressings Application: An Overview

“…MPs multilayer films are considered to be the dressing that enables versatile and efficient drug delivery. Furthermore, the spatially designed structure of the multilayer membrane op-timises the function of the components and provides a more suitable microenvironment, giving them a better wound healing capacity [412,418].…”