Antibiotic Resistance

Progress in Niobium Oxide-Containing Coatings for Biomedical Applications: A Critical Review

“…In general, it can be stated that the oxide form of the metals that possess antibacterial activity, e.g., Zn, Cu, and Zn, can exhibit similar performance. 206 − 208 However, a controlled dosage of CuO should be employed for biomedical applications since a higher concentration of this metal oxide can cause toxicity to mammalians and vertebrates. This is due to fabrication of ROS, which can highly damage mitochondria and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).…”

“…Recently, a rising interest has been seen in using CuO for biomedical applications owing to its excellent physicochemical properties and high antibacterial and antimicrobial performance against a broad spectrum of bacteria, such as S. aureus , E. coli , P. aeruginosa , S. typhimurium , K. pneumoniae , Enterococcus faecalis , etc. In general, it can be stated that the oxide form of the metals that possess antibacterial activity, e.g., Zn, Cu, and Zn, can exhibit similar performance. − However, a controlled dosage of CuO should be employed for biomedical applications since a higher concentration of this metal oxide can cause toxicity to mammalians and vertebrates. This is due to fabrication of ROS, which can highly damage mitochondria and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). − CuO-containing Nb 2 O 5 films are deposited via magnetron sputtering method, where the CuO reinforcing phase can be included in the microstructure of growing Nb 2 O 5 though a cosputtering route.…”

Promising Recent Strategies with Potential Clinical Translational Value to Combat Antibacterial Resistant Surge

“…The mechanism of action of different SPs against bacteria have still not been well understood, and more research is needed in this field [47,48,49]. Some of the widely accepted theories of mechanism involve generation of toxic Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) initiated by the discharged metal ions from the metal NPs or the SPs [50].…”

“…Unfortunately, most of the reports are limited to the chemical characterizations of the core NPs or their final SP form, and corresponding in vitro efficacy studies. Though many of those findings were highly promising for clinical translation, only a few of them have been further investigated in order to move forward with in vivo applications [47]. One possible reason could be that these particles do not follow the guidelines of classical medicinal chemistry that have governed the antibiotic research methodology until now.…”

“…Due to the long history of antibacterial efficacy of AgNPs [47], many Ag-based small particles have recently been translated into clinical applications, and multiple other candidates are currently in the pipeline [178]. Fucidin, Tegaderm, Acticoat, Bactigrass, and PolyMem Silver are some of the FDA-approved Ag small particle-containing wound dressing materials that are commercially available [180].…”