Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Phage Particles from Antarctic and Mediterranean Seawater Ecosystems

Blanco-Picazo, Pedro; Roscales, Gabriel; Toribio-Avedillo, Daniel; Gómez-Gómez, Clara; Ávila, Conxita; Muniesa, Maite; Rodríguez-Rubio, Lorena

doi:10.3390/microorganisms8091293

Cited by 38 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The ARG profiles of two bathing waters in Dublin Bay were not significantly different from those of the rivers and streams, although the concentrations and frequency of detection were lower. The bla TEM gene is also the most abundant in the marine environment, which is consistent with the few marine studies in the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, where bla TEM gene was the most prevalent and abundant gene in the bacteriophage fraction ( Calero-Cáceres and Balcázar, 2019 ; Blanco-Picazo et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Bacterial and Bacteriophage Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Bathing Waters in Relation to Rivers and Urban Streams

et al. 2021

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Fecal pollution of surface water may introduce bacteria and bacteriophages harboring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into the aquatic environment. Watercourses discharging into the marine environment, especially close to designated bathing waters, may expose recreational users to fecal pollution and therefore may increase the likelihood that they will be exposed to ARGs. This study compares the bacterial and bacteriophage ARG profiles of two rivers (River Tolka and Liffey) and two small urban streams (Elm Park and Trimleston Streams) that discharge close to two marine bathing waters in Dublin Bay. Despite the potential differences in pollution pressures experienced by these waterways, microbial source tracking analysis showed that the main source of pollution in both rivers and streams in the urban environment is human contamination. All ARGs included in this study, blaTEM, blaSHV, qnrS, and sul1, were present in all four waterways in both the bacterial and bacteriophage fractions, displaying a similar ARG profile. We show that nearshore marine bathing waters are strongly influenced by urban rivers and streams discharging into these, since they shared a similar ARG profile. In comparison to rivers and streams, the levels of bacterial ARGs were significantly reduced in the marine environment. In contrast, the bacteriophage ARG levels in freshwater and the marine were not significantly different. Nearshore marine bathing waters could therefore be a potential reservoir of bacteriophages carrying ARGs. In addition to being considered potential additional fecal indicators organism, bacteriophages may also be viewed as indicators of the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Bacterial and Bacteriophage Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Bathing Waters in Relation to Rivers and Urban Streams

et al. 2021

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“…This option might be beneficial if there are difficulties in supplying materials directly to biofilms, e.g., during treatment of clinical biofilm infections, as phages may allow for more effective delivery of these enzymes to the target place [ 105 ]. On the other hand, phages can transfer genes coding for toxins and antibiotic resistance proteins between bacterial cells, which causes safety issues [ 106 , 107 , 108 ]. The development of bacteriophage resistance among bacteria is another problem [ 109 , 110 ].…”

Section: Bacteriophage Depolymerases As An Alternative To Antibiotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriophage-Derived Depolymerases against Bacterial Biofilm

et al. 2021

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In addition to specific antibiotic resistance, the formation of bacterial biofilm causes another level of complications in attempts to eradicate pathogenic or harmful bacteria, including difficult penetration of drugs through biofilm structures to bacterial cells, impairment of immunological response of the host, and accumulation of various bioactive compounds (enzymes and others) affecting host physiology and changing local pH values, which further influence various biological functions. In this review article, we provide an overview on the formation of bacterial biofilm and its properties, and then we focus on the possible use of phage-derived depolymerases to combat bacterial cells included in this complex structure. On the basis of the literature review, we conclude that, although these bacteriophage-encoded enzymes may be effective in destroying specific compounds involved in the formation of biofilm, they are rarely sufficient to eradicate all bacterial cells. Nevertheless, a combined therapy, employing depolymerases together with antibiotics and/or other antibacterial agents or factors, may provide an effective approach to treat infections caused by bacteria able to form biofilms.

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“…We must also remember that many antibiotic residues end up in continental or oceanic waters due to anthropogenic activities. Therefore, we must be aware that even phages isolated from aquatic environments can carry antibiotic resistance genes or virulence factors [ 203 , 204 ]. At present, although each time their number increases, not all phages used in in vitro or in vivo assays against fish or shellfish bacterial pathogens have been entirely genetically analyzed or characterized ( Table 1 and Table 2 ).…”

Section: Potential Of Phage Therapy In Aquaculture Settingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phage Therapy as a Focused Management Strategy in Aquaculture

Ramos-Vivas

Superio

Galindo-Villegas

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Therapeutic bacteriophages, commonly called as phages, are a promising potential alternative to antibiotics in the management of bacterial infections of a wide range of organisms including cultured fish. Their natural immunogenicity often induces the modulation of a variated collection of immune responses within several types of immunocytes while promoting specific mechanisms of bacterial clearance. However, to achieve standardized treatments at the practical level and avoid possible side effects in cultivated fish, several improvements in the understanding of their biology and the associated genomes are required. Interestingly, a particular feature with therapeutic potential among all phages is the production of lytic enzymes. The use of such enzymes against human and livestock pathogens has already provided in vitro and in vivo promissory results. So far, the best-understood phages utilized to fight against either Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacterial species in fish culture are mainly restricted to the Myoviridae and Podoviridae, and the Siphoviridae, respectively. However, the current functional use of phages against bacterial pathogens of cultured fish is still in its infancy. Based on the available data, in this review, we summarize the current knowledge about phage, identify gaps, and provide insights into the possible bacterial control strategies they might represent for managing aquaculture-related bacterial diseases.

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Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Phage Particles from Antarctic and Mediterranean Seawater Ecosystems

Cited by 38 publications

References 48 publications

Bacterial and Bacteriophage Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Bathing Waters in Relation to Rivers and Urban Streams

Bacterial and Bacteriophage Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Bathing Waters in Relation to Rivers and Urban Streams

Bacteriophage-Derived Depolymerases against Bacterial Biofilm

Phage Therapy as a Focused Management Strategy in Aquaculture

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