Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium Isolates Recovered From the Food Chain Through National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System Between 1996 and 2016

Abstract

Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen which causes widespread contamination and infection worldwide. Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the leading serovars responsible for human and animal salmonellosis, globally. The increasing rate of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium poses a significant global concern, and an improved understanding of the distribution of antibiotic resistance patterns in Salmonella Typhimurium is essential for choosing the suitable antibiotic for the treatment of infections. To evaluate the roles of animal and human in antibiotic resistance dissemination, this study aims to categorize 11,447 S . Typhimurium strains obtained across the food-chain, including food animals, retail meats and humans for 21 years in the United States by analyzing minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values for 27 antibiotics. Random Forest Algorithm and Hierarchical Clustering statistics were used to group the strains according to their minimum inhibitory concentration values. Classification and Regression Tree analysis was used to identify the best classifier for human- and animal-populations’ isolates. We found the persistent population or multi-drug resistant strains of S . Typhimurium across the four time periods (1996∼2000, 2001∼2005, 2006∼2010, 2011∼2016). Importantly, we also detected that there was more diversity in the MIC patterns among S . Typhimurium strains isolated between 2011 and 2016, which suggests significant emergence of diversified multi-drug resistant strains. The most frequently observed (43%) antibiotic resistance patterns found in S . Typhimurium were tetra-resistant pattern ASSuT (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline) and the penta-resistant pattern ACSSuT (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline). Animals (mainly swine and bovine) are the major source for these two frequently found antibiotic resistance patterns. The occurrence of antibiotic resistant strains from humans and chicken is alarming. Strains were mostly susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Together, this study helped in understanding the expansion of dynamics of antibiotic resistance of S . Typhimurium and recommended fluoroquinolones as a possible treatment options against S . Typhimurium infection.

The foodborne diseases antimicrobial resistance development in food animals: A case of Salmonella isolates from diarrheic sheep in and around Gondar city, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

“…All (80) Salmonella isolates were found multidrug-resistant. In agreement with this study Salmonella were developed multidrug resistance in Modjo [18], Gondar [7], Jimma [9], and China [8]. This multidrug resistance might be due to the irrational use of antibiotics practiced in the area [26,27] and or evolutionary nature of Salmonella species [16].…”

“…Alimentarius are working against antibiotic resistance and set action plans to minimize antibiotic use along the food chain it is increasing at an alarming rate [13,14]. Before this research, many other types of research were conducted to assess the resistance pattern of Salmonella both in human and animals, but due to "evolutionary nature of the bacteria and the dependency of patients to antibiotics", the resistance level of Salmonellae to antibiotics are increasing from time to time [15,16,17,18,6,7,8,9]. Antibiotic resistance surveillance in food animal like sheep is strongly recommended for the mitigation of this global health crisis (AMR) and there was no surveillance has done yet in the study area.…”

Evaluation of Curcumin and Copper Acetate Against Salmonella Typhimurium Infection, Intestinal Permeability, and Cecal Microbiota Composition in Broiler Chickens

“…Nowadays, due to regulations on the use of antibiotics in poultry production derived from the problems of bacterial resistance, and considering that S. Typhimurium is a bacterium capable of developing antimicrobial resistance more quickly than other Salmonella species [12,13], several strategies have been proposed to treat and control Salmonella infections [14]. Despite the large number of alternatives that have been tried, it has been reported that the combination of polyphenolic compounds with metal ions, such as copper, can enhance their antioxidant, anti-in ammatory, and antimicrobial effects, with the additional advantage that the toxicity of metal ions is reduced by the formation of complexes [15,16].…”

High Mobility Group Box 1 and TLR4 Signaling Pathway in Gnotobiotic Piglets Colonized/Infected with L. amylovorus, L. mucosae, E. coli Nissle 1917 and S. Typhimurium

“…S. Typhimurium can also cause life-threatening invasive diseases in immunocompromised individuals [32]. The intracellular environment and frequent multidrug resistance protect Salmonella enterica against extracellular antibiotics and facilitates disease relapse [33][34][35]. Thus, it is necessary to look for alternative ways to combat infections with this foodborne pathogen [36,37].…”