Antibiotic resistance profiles among mesophilic aerobic bacteria in Nigerian chicken litter and associated antibiotic resistance genes

Abstract

The effect of global antibiotic use practices in livestock on the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens is poorly understood. There is a paucity of data among African nations, which suffer from high rates of antibiotic resistant infections among the human population. Escherichia (29.5%), Staphylococcus (15.8%), and Proteus (15.79%) were the dominant bacterial genera isolated from chicken litter from four different farms in Zaria, Nigeria, all of which contain human pathogenic members. Escherichia isolates were uniformly susceptible to augmentin and cefuroxime, but resistant to sulfamethoxazole (54.5%), ampicillin (22.7%), ciprofloxacin (18.2%), cephalothin (13.6%) and gentamicin (13.6%). Staphylococcus isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and sulfamethoxazole, but resistant to tetracycline (86.7%), erythromycin (80%), clindamycin (60%), and penicillin (33.3%). Many of the isolates (65.4%) were resistant to multiple antibiotics, with a multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) ≥ 0.2. sul1, sul2, and vanA were the most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes among the isolates. Chicken litter associated with antibiotic use and farming practices in Nigeria could be a public health concern given that the antibiotic resistant patterns among genera containing pathogens indicate the potential for antibiotic treatment failure. However, the MARI values were generally lower than reported for Escherichia coli from intensive poultry operations in industrial nations.

Multiple antimicrobial resistance of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> species isolated from broilers and local chickens retailed along the roadside in Zaria, Nigeria

“…It was observed in this study that multiple antibiotic resistance was common among E. coli and Salmonella spp. These results are in agreement with previous reports in Nigeria (Raji et al, 2007;Olonitola et al, 2015). There was complete resistance of E. coli and Salmonella to ampicillin, oxacillin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, erythromycin and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim.…”

“…Van den Bogaard et al (2001) explained that usage of antibiotics was the most significant factor responsible for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. This view may also explain the reason for emerging antibiotic resistance in Nigeria, since antibiotics are used excessively in poultry and livestock in Nigeria without regulation (Raji et al, 2007;Geidam et al, 2012;Olonitola et al, 2015). Van den Bogaard et al (2001) further observed that other factors that select for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria include overcrowding and poor sanitation.…”

Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals and the Environment in Nigeria: A Review

“…This category included 42 studies, with the inclusive eligibility criteria in which diverse phenotypic or genotypic methods were utilized ([14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55], Tables S1–S3). These studies sought to detect the presence and extent of AMR in collected samples with a selected panel of antibiotics.…”

“…The 80 studies excluded did not directly relate to the objectives or yielded information that could be subjected to organized peer review and data analysis. The 59 included studies were sorted into three categories of 42 antimicrobial resistance studies [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55], 16 antimicrobial residue studies [56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71], and 1 antiseptic or disinfectants study [72]. The PRISMA-style flowchart was modified and used for this analytical review (Figure S1) [73].…”

Antibiotic use and practices in commercial poultry laying hens in Ogun State Nigeria

“…The persistent use of antibiotics is suspected to be the major cause of antibiotic resistance in man and animal (Adejoro, 2007). The overall relationship between drug use and resistance is well established and based on laboratory, cross-sectional, case-control and prospective studies (Olonitola et al, 2015). Also, self-medication with antibiotics, use of human antibiotics in food animals and non-regulated prescriptions are increasingly alarming and may have contributed to antibiotic resistance scourge in the poultry industry in Nigeria.…”