Antibiotic resistance spread in food

Perreten, Vincent; Schwarz, Franziska; Cresta, Luana; Boeglin, Marianne; Dasen, Gottfried; Teuber, Michael

doi:10.1038/39767

Cited by 232 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…However, a growing number of multi-drug-resistant organisms which are pathogenic to both animals and humans, such as S. typhimurium DT104 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 [57][58][59], have been identified in animals, which is an entirely different problem and cause for concern. The incidence of food-borne illness is on the increase in all countries and there have been several outbreaks of bacterial disease (including a number of fatalities) as a result of the consumption of contaminated meat, dairy products, vegetables, and fruits; this demands immediate action on a worldwide scale [60].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Acquisition (Resistance Gene Capture)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic resistance in microbes

Mazel

Davies

1999

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS)

287

181

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The treatment of infectious disease is compromised by the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of microbial pathogens. A variety of biochemical processes are involved that may keep antibiotics out of the cell, alter the target of the drug, or disable the antibiotic. Studies have shown that resistance determinants arise by either of two genetic mechanisms: mutation and acquisition. Antibiotic resistance genes can be disseminated among bacterial populations by several processes, but principally by conjugation. Thus the overall problem of antibiotic resistance is one of genetic ecology and a better understanding of the contributing parameters is necessary to devise rational approaches to reduce the development and spread of antibiotic resistance and so avoid a critical situation in therapy--a return to a pre-antibiotic era.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Acquisition (Resistance Gene Capture)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic resistance in microbes

Mazel

Davies

1999

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS)

287

181

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“…These bacteria are associated with the wide distribution of antibiotic resistance in food production (4) and carry genes closely related to the genes and of pSM19035 (see Discussion).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal structure of the plasmid maintenance system ɛ/ζ: Functional mechanism of toxin ζ and inactivation by ɛ ₂ ζ ₂ complex formation

Meinhart

Alonso

Sträter

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

118

150

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Programmed cell death in prokaryotes is frequently found as postsegregational killing. It relies on antitoxin͞toxin systems that secure stable inheritance of low and medium copy number plasmids during cell division and kill cells that have lost the plasmid. The broad-host-range, low-copy-number plasmid pSM19035 from Streptococcus pyogenes carries the genes encoding the antitoxin͞ toxin system ͞ and antibiotic resistance proteins, among others. The crystal structure of the biologically nontoxic 22 protein complex at a 1.95-Å resolution and site-directed mutagenesis showed that free acts as phosphotransferase by using ATP͞GTP. In 22, the toxin is inactivated because the N-terminal helix of the antitoxin blocks the ATP͞GTP-binding site. To our knowledge, this is the first prokaryotic postsegregational killing system that has been entirely structurally characterized.programmed cell death ͉ protein ͉ protein ͉ toxin inactivation ͉ phosphotransferase P lasmids may harbor genes that encode proteins conferring resistances to their host against antibiotics and toxic heavy atoms and are the principal players in the current crisis in antibiotic therapy. They can spread horizontally by conjugational transfer and are maintained through subsequent generations by utilizing self-encoded operons (1). The gene products of the latter act on the respective plasmids as resolvases, recombinases and, if a bacterium has lost its plasmid during cell division, as postsegregational killing (PSK) systems leading to programmed cell death (PCD). Most importantly, the PSK systems guarantee stable maintenance and inheritance of plasmids in prokaryotes with low and medium copy number (2).The and proteins studied here belong to PSK systems and are encoded as a bicistronic operon on the SegB region of the low-copy-number, broad-host-range plasmid pSM19035 that is hosted by the Gram-positive Streptococcus pyogenes (3). The system ͞ belongs to the protein PSK-type with antitoxic and toxic proteins, whereas a second type features an antitoxic antisense RNA and a stable mRNA that encodes a toxic protein.In both types, bicistronic operons encode for an in vivo unstable antitoxin and a stable toxin. The products form an inactive complex in the cell cytosol. Continuous production of the antitoxin counteracts its in vivo instability and maintains a stoichiometric excess to the toxin. Loss of the entire plasmid or of the antitoxin gene results in decreasing antitoxin levels in the cytosol, so that the toxin freed from the unstable antitoxin becomes active and induces PCD. In this sense, PSK systems act as emergency buttons against ineffective inheritance of plasmids.Several genes encoded on pSM19035, a plasmid belonging to the inc18 family (pAM␤1, pIP501), are also found on plasmids of other Gram-positive bacteria, such as Streptococci, Enterococci, and Lactococci. These bacteria are associated with the wide distribution of antibiotic resistance in food production (4) and carry genes closely related to the genes and of pSM19035 (see Discussion).The herein...

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“…Scientific reports on the antibiotic resistance of lactococci and enterococci in raw-milk cheeses sparked the 1998 decision of the Swiss parliament to ban all antimicrobial feed additives as of 1 January 1999, and farmers will have to keep a protocol of the use of therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotics for their animals [39,40].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐residue methods for confirmatory determination of antibiotics in milk

Samanidou¹,

Nisyriou²

2008

J of Separation Science

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The prevalent use of antibiotics, e. g. sulphonamides, tetracyclines, beta-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, etc., in dairy farming to prevent and treat microbial infections e. g. mastitis, can be a potential source of veterinary drug residues in milk. Antibiotic residues constitute a risk to human health, since they can cause allergic reactions in hypersensitive individuals or they may lead to the appearance of drug-resistant bacteria. Analysis of these residues plays a key role in ensuring food safety. Regulatory agencies in the European Union and in other countries have established maximum residue limits and requirements concerning the performance of analytical methods and the interpretation of the results. This review describes the state of the art in the analytical strategies concerning the multi-class as well as the multi-residue analysis of antibiotics in milk. Since milk is a complex matrix due to its high protein and fat content, which often interfere in analytical procedures, special focus has been placed on sample preparation: extraction and clean-up. Confirmation of antibiotic residues according to European Decision 657/2002/EC has been also discussed.

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Antibiotic resistance spread in food

Cited by 232 publications

References 2 publications

Antibiotic resistance in microbes

Antibiotic resistance in microbes

Crystal structure of the plasmid maintenance system ɛ/ζ: Functional mechanism of toxin ζ and inactivation by ɛ ₂ ζ ₂ complex formation

Multi‐residue methods for confirmatory determination of antibiotics in milk

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Antibiotic resistance spread in food

Cited by 232 publications

References 2 publications

Antibiotic resistance in microbes

Antibiotic resistance in microbes

Crystal structure of the plasmid maintenance system ɛ/ζ: Functional mechanism of toxin ζ and inactivation by ɛ 2 ζ 2 complex formation

Multi‐residue methods for confirmatory determination of antibiotics in milk

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Crystal structure of the plasmid maintenance system ɛ/ζ: Functional mechanism of toxin ζ and inactivation by ɛ ₂ ζ ₂ complex formation