Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacteria isolated from Nigerian currencies (Naira) circulating in some hospitals of Kano metropolis, Kano state, Nigeria

Aminu, BM; Yahaya, H

doi:10.4314/bajopas.v11i1.30s

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In this study, 100 % contamination rate was observed. This is consistent with high contamination rate reported by other researchers across the country (23). Similarly, in a neighbouring West Africa country, 100% contamination rate was reported (8).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Another study has reported contamination of automated teller machine (ATM) touch surfaces by ESBL producing bacteria (36). Bacteria harbouring other antibiotic resistance mechanisms have also been isolated from Nigerian currency notes (23). The high ESBL rate among the isolated bacteria may be due to overuse of betalactam antibiotics in the study area (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbial contamination of Naira notes circulating in Bauchi metropolis: prevalence, microbial load and detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria

Usman¹,

Sani²,

Ibrahim³

et al. 2021

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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Background: Globally, contamination of banknotes with various microbial species is increasingly being reported. This usually results from improper handling during exchange of goods and services. In the present study, we aimed to determine the microbial load, prevalence and the presence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) among bacteria isolated from the Nigerian Naira notes circulating in Bauchi metropolis.Methodology: A total of 400 Naira notes of various denominations were randomly collected aseptically, cultured and total viable counts determined. The isolated microbial species were identified using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates and detection of ESBL were determined by Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method and Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST), respectively.Results: All the 400 samples collected were contaminated with various microbial species. The highest mean colony count was detected in 20 Naira notes (28.5%), while the least was observed in 1000 Naira note (3.3%). Fourteen different microbial species were isolated from the contaminated currency notes, predominantly Escherichia coli (25.0%), and Staphylococcus aureus (12.0%). Some fungal species mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were also isolated. Majority of the bacteria isolates resistant to the third generation cephalosporins (72.1%) were ESBL positive.Conclusion: The study shows that Naira notes circulating in Bauchi metropolis were heavily contaminated with various microbial species, and a high proportion of the isolated Gram-negative bacteria were ESBL producers. Efforts should thus be made to improve hygiene practices in the study area. Importantly, businesses should be encouraged to adopt the use of electronic transactions. Keywords: Currency notes, Naira, Microbial contamination, ESBL

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial contamination of Naira notes circulating in Bauchi metropolis: prevalence, microbial load and detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria

Usman¹,

Sani²,

Ibrahim³

et al. 2021

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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“…Only cross-sectional studies were selected for this review. Seven of the studies were conducted in the South-West [3,11,12,13,14,15,16], five in North-Central [4,17,18,19,20], four in South-South [1,21,22,23], three in North-West [2,8,24], two from North-East [25,26] and two from South-East [6,27]. One of the studies combined isolates collected from North-Central and North-East parts of Nigeria [5].…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ten of the studies reported only bacterial isolates [3,8,16,17,19,20,22,24,25,26], one of the studies reported only fungal isolates [5] and four of the studies reported only parasites [6,14,15,18]. Six of the studies reported combined bacterial and fungal isolates [2,12,13,21,23,27], and two of the studies reported combined bacteria isolates and parasites [4,11].…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The continuous contamination of the paper currency is a public health concern as pathogenic microorganisms are being transferred from person to person without the knowledge of the handler, which leads to illness and has resulted in high mortality and morbidity [8]. Traders in Nigeria, especially the uneducated ones, keep naira notes in awkward areas such as private parts, armpits, socks, and shoes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Review on the Microbial and Parasitic Contamination of Naira Notes

et al. 2021

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Currency notes are essential components of our day-to-day activities as they play great roles in our transactions. However, they have continued to serve as media of exchange of pathogenic microorganisms and parasites. The naira note has been greatly mishandled by Nigerians over the years, and this has led to the circulation of dirty, contaminated, and mutilated notes. This systematic review was carried-out to provide an up-to-date summary of the public health risks associated with contaminated naira notes. This systematic review was conducted and reported in conformation with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Protocols 2015 (PRISMA-P) statements and checklists. Databases (PubMed, AJOL, and Google Scholar) were searched for published articles on the microbial and parasitic contamination of naira notes. A total of 26 studies were analyzed for this review. The studies majorly reported high microbial contamination in lower denomination naira notes (N10 and N100). The pathogens from naira notes reported in the studies include Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholera, Aspergillus niger, and Blastomyces dermatitidis. Eggs and cysts of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, hookworm, lice of the genus Pediculus humanus corporis, Enterobius vermicularis, flagellates, and Entamoeba histolytica were reported in the studies. A high degree of resistance of bacterial pathogens from naira notes to commonly used antibiotics was also observed in this study. Currency notes serve as fomites for the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms and parasites. Most of the organisms reported in this study have been implicated in human infections including food-borne infections, urinary tract infections, and respiratory infections. Good hygiene and proper education of Nigerians on the public health risks posed by mishandling naira notes should be done to reduce the spread of pathogens and parasites through naira notes.

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Antibiotic Profiles of Enteric Pathogens Isolated from Nigerian Currency Notes

Mofolorunsho,

Obaje,

Aminu

et al. 2023

PAJOLS

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Background: Currency notes are exchangeable fomites handled by many persons daily and can potentially carry enteric pathogens on their surfaces. Infections caused by these pathogens have a global impact on public health. This study aimed to analyse the Nigerian currency notes Naira for the presence of enteric bacteria, particularly drug-resistant strains. Methods: Sixty-four Nigerian currency notes were randomly collected from various sources. Using the spread plate technique, an aliquot of 0.1ml of 10-6 dilution of each sample suspension was inoculated onto Eosin Methylene Blue agar and Hektoen Enteric agar plates. Following incubation, colonies were counted and recorded in colony-forming units per milliliter, and morphologic features were observed. Bacterial isolates were then Gram-stained, tested for motility and characterized using standard biochemical techniques. Antimicrobial profiles of bacterial isolates were determined using the Kirby-Bauer modified disc diffusion method. Results: Preliminary analysis showed that 67.2% of currency notes were contaminated. The 100 Naira notes had the highest contamination rates with bacterial mean counts of 1.22×1010 cfu/ml. Three different species of enteric bacteria were isolated. The predominant pathogens were Escherichia coli (44.2%) and Salmonella spp. (44.2%). All isolates recovered were 100% susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin, while 97.7% were resistant to penicillin. Escherichia coli was resistant to ampicillin (100%) and trime-thoprim-sulfamethoxazole (89.5%). Conclusion: This study showed that the Nigerian currency notes harbour enteric pathogens capable of causing serious infections to handlers. Therefore, improved hygiene practices, especially after handling currency notes, should be encouraged to prevent the spread of these pathogens.

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Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacteria isolated from Nigerian currencies (Naira) circulating in some hospitals of Kano metropolis, Kano state, Nigeria

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

Microbial contamination of Naira notes circulating in Bauchi metropolis: prevalence, microbial load and detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria

Microbial contamination of Naira notes circulating in Bauchi metropolis: prevalence, microbial load and detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria

A Systematic Review on the Microbial and Parasitic Contamination of Naira Notes

Antibiotic Profiles of Enteric Pathogens Isolated from Nigerian Currency Notes

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