Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) Reports: A Basis for Environmental/Epidemiological Surveillance and Infection Control Amongst Environmental Vibrio cholerae

Abstract

Distribution, investigation, surveillance and control (DISC) of cholera outbreaks in endemic/non-endemic regions has been a concerted approach towards the management of the causal pathogen. Relevant organization, government, health systems and the public have implemented several steps towards controlling the menace, yet pathogen continues to occur with diverse phenotypes/genotypes of high clinical and epidemiological relevance. The study determines antibiotic susceptibility/resistance pattern of Vibrio cholerae isolates retrieved from six domestic water sources between March and August 2018. Serological and molecular typing methods (polymerase chain reaction or PCR) were used to confirm the isolates identity. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using six commonly employed antibiotics of V. cholerae according to the recommendation of Clinical Laboratory Standard and European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing with other relevant antibiotics of investigative epidemiology and infection control, employing both disc diffusion test and PCR gene detection. Samples presumptive counts ranged between 1.10 to 7.91 log10 CFU/mL. Amongst the 759 presumptive isolates retrieved, sixty-one were confirmed as V. cholerae which were further serogrouped as Non-O1/Non-O139 V. cholerae. Various V. cholerae resistant phenotypes/genoytypes were detected vis: carbapenemase (CR-Vc; 31.1%/5.3%). New Delhi Metallobetalactamase (NDM-1-Vc; 23.0%/42.5%), extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL-Vc; 42.6%/blaTEM:86,7%), chloramphenicol resistance (62.3%/Flor: 46.2%}, tetracycline resistance (70.5%/46.7%), AmpC resistance (21.0 (34.4%/56.7%)) and various other resistant genotypes/phenotypes. It was observed that more than 50% of the confirmed V. cholerae isolates possess resistance to two or more antibiotic classes/groups with multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) ranging from 0.031 to 0.5. This observation provides necessary information and updates for surveillance, planning and implementation of control strategies for cholera. It would also encourage decision making, formulation of policy by the government and cholera control authorities.

Occurrence, Antibiotic Susceptibility and Genes Encoding Antibacterial Resistance of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli From Milk and Meat Sold in Markets of Bushenyi District, Uganda

“…The PCR technique was used to characterize the resistance genes from the phenotypic antibiotic-resistant isolates. 3 The resistance genes explored in this study include β-lactamases-encoding genes ( bla CTX-M2, bla CTX-M9, bla TEM, bla TEM-2) and aminoglycosides resistant genes ( aad A, aac (3)-IIa ( aac C2-a), str A). Table 2 includes the primers, the targetted genes, sequence, and PCR conditions.…”

“…Primary infections associated with the aforementioned bacterial pathogens have remained a public health concern due to the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) revealed in the studies of various investigators. 2 , 3 …”

Antimicrobial Drug-resistance Profile of <i>Vibrio Parahaemolyticus</i> isolated from Japanese Horse Mackerel (<i>Trachurus Japonicus</i>)

“…It is supposed that wild-caught mackerel might be affected by environmental conditions of resistant-gene delivery to a greater extent than farmed fish. Since resistance has been detected in various species of the genus Vibrio [10][11][12]27) , it is possible that resistance genes have been transmitted throughout the genus. As such, drugresistant V. parahaemolyticus may be involved in transmission of resistance genes to other bacteria in the environment or in the human intestinal flora, further emphasizing the importance of drug resistance to public health.…”

Antimicrobial Resistance in Endemic Enteric Infections in Kenya and the Region, and Efforts Toward Addressing the Challenges

“…Although antibiotics are not always recommended for management of cholera, there has been an upsurge of MDR V. cholerae strains in Kenya and the region in the last 10 years [ 16 , 17 ]. For instance, outbreaks have been reported in Uganda [ 18 ], Mozambique [ 19 ], Ghana [ 20 ], and South Africa [ 21 ], with strains being MDR to commonly used antimicrobials and also resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. In Kenya, we recently detected and characterised MDR V. cholerae with genes encoding ESBL enzymes on a highly mobile genetic element ( Figure 2 ).…”