Antibody‐Conjugated Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology have found their way into the fields of Biotechnology and Medicine. Nanoparticles by themselves offer specific physicochemical properties that they do not exhibit in bulk form, where materials show constant physical properties regardless of size. Antibodies are nanosize biological products that are part of the specific immune system. In addition to their own properties as pathogens or toxin neutralizers, as well as in the recruitment of immune elements (complement, improving phagocytosis, cytotoxicity antibody dependent by natural killer cells, etc.), they could carry several elements (toxins, drugs, fluorochroms, or even nanoparticles, etc.) and be used in several diagnostic procedures, or even in therapy to destroy a specific target. The conjugation of antibodies to nanoparticles can generate a product that combines the properties of both. For example, they can combine the small size of nanoparticles and their special thermal, imaging, drug carrier, or magnetic characteristics with the abilities of antibodies, such as specific and selective recognition. The hybrid product will show versatility and specificity. In this review, we analyse both antibodies and nanoparticles, focusing especially on the recent developments for antibody-conjugated nanoparticles, offering the researcher an overview of the different applications and possibilities of these hybrid carriers.

PEGylated gold nanoparticles: polymer quantification as a function of PEG lengths and nanoparticle dimensions

“…enzymes, receptors, antibodies, DNA) and cells, but they are also very attractive candidates for use as carriers in medical diagnosis and treatment. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Gold (Au) nanoparticles are well known for their surface plasmon resonance band (SPR), a phenomenon associated with coherent oscillations of conduction-band electrons on the nanoparticle surface upon interaction with light. 2,19 The wavelength of the SPR band depends from the chemical nature, size, shape and aggregation of the nanoparticles.…”

Ligand-based targeted therapy: a novel strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma

“…136,137 For instance, iodine ( 131 I) metuximab injection (Licartin ® ), a 131 I-labeled HAb18G/CD147-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) F(ab') 2 fragment, has been approved for the treatment of primary HCC by the China State Food and Drug Administration. 138 The HAb18G/ CD147, an antigen for being homologous to CD147, is highly expressed on HCC cells and tissues and can bind to the bivalent fragment HAb18 F(ab') 2 of HAb18 mAb with high affinity.…”

Recent Advances in the Generation of Antibody–Nanomaterial Conjugates

“…Antibody-nanoparticle conjugates are preferentially formed by the covalent attachment through the constant (Fc) region of antibodies to nanoparticles, leaving the variable region that includes the antigen-binding site (variable light and heavy chains), free for interaction with the desired antigen. [16] In addition, adding a spacer component is often suggested to improve the effectiveness of antigenic interactions. Hence, sitespecific conjugation preserves the antibody function resulting in improving the antibody stability and retaining the antibodybinding sites for targeting.…”

“…[15] Other disadvantages include longer and sometimes difficult synthetic procedures to develop the conjugate (compared to normal nanoparticle formulations) along with potential difficulties in scaling up the process for market. [16] Nonetheless, these hybrid carriers have immense capabilities, being broadly classified into diagnostic, therapeutic, and the hybrid, theranostic applications. In terms of therapeutic applications of such nanomedicines, this is mainly surrounding tissue repair or modulation using targeted drug delivery.…”