“…Standard methods use protein surface groups, such as lysine, cysteins and (reduced) cystines [88], and (oxidized) carbohydrates [89,90] for either a directed immobilization at the surface or to attach a linker group including heterobifunctional linker [91], acrylic acid derivatives [67], biotin [74], and phenylboronic acid [92]. These reactive groups bind to surfaces activated with electrophiles such as NHS ester and epoxy groups (lysine, cysteine and reduced cystine), aldehydes (lysine), maleimide (cysteine and reduced cystine), amino groups (oxidized carbohydrates), and salicylhydroxamic acid (phenylboronic acid).…”