Antibody Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome‐ Corona Virus 2, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications

Abstract

The immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is comprised of both cellular and humoral arms. While current diagnostic methods are mainly based on polymerase chain reaction, they suffer from insensitivity. Therefore, antibody-based serologic tests are being developed to achieve higher sensitivity and specificity. Current efforts in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection include blocking of viral entry into the host cells, prohibiting viral replication and survival in the host cells, and reducing the exaggerated host immune response. Administration of convalescent plasma containing antiviral antibodies was proposed to improve the outcome in severe cases. In this paper, we review some of the aspects associated with the development of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their potential use for improved diagnosis and therapy. (Hepatology Communications 2020;0:1-13).

Correlation of the Commercial Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Antibody Test with the Chemiluminescent Reduction Neutralizing Test and Possible Detection of Antibodies to Emerging Variants

“…In vitro neutralization can be predictive of immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection ( 19 ); however, neutralization assays are not suitable for clinical laboratories. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the clinical anti-RBD antibody test accurately predicts protection, because not all antibodies against the RBD are neutralizing ( 6 , 7 ). In the present study, results from the anti-RBD antibody test and CRNT positively correlated.…”

“…Some tests detect antibodies specific to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein on SARS-CoV-2 that binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on host cells ( 3 – 5 ). While not all antibodies against the RBD are neutralizing ( 6 , 7 ), these test values may reflect the proportion of antibodies that protect against SARS-CoV-2 ( 8 , 9 ). Therefore, any correlation between commercial test results and protective function against SARS-CoV-2 is of epidemiological and clinical interest.…”

Augmented antiviral T cell immunity by oral administration of IMM‐124E in preclinical models and a phase I/ IIa clinical trial: A method for the prevention and treatment of COVID ‐19

“…In COVID‐19, the virus escapes the immune system and induces severe inflammation that leads to acute and chronic lung injury. This immune response may also mediate injury in the heart, intestine, and the nervous system (Gelman et al, 2020 ; Ishay, Kessler, et al, 2020 ).…”

Monitoring Specific IgM and IgG Production Among Severe COVID-19 Patients Using Qualitative and Quantitative Immunodiagnostic Assays: A Retrospective Cohort Study

“…These observations provide much hope for a high coverage range of an eventual vaccine, which should be designed to target the conserved epitopes (16). However, this cross-immunity is likely to be insufficient to confer effective therapeutic or preventive effect against the infection (19). Furthermore, additional observations that correlated clinical data with T-cell-mediated immune response against S, M, and N proteins of the virus, which mostly activates CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, suggested that this immune response is associated with hyper-activity and immunopathogenesis, rather than virus neutralization (20).…”