Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines Are Detectable in Saliva

Ketas, Thomas J.; Chaturbhuj, Devidas N.; Portillo, Victor M. Cruz; Francomano, Erik; Golden, Encouse B.; Chandrasekhar, Sharanya; Debnath, Gargi; Díaz-Tapia, Randy; Yasmeen, Anila; Kramer, Kyle D; Munawar, Tarek; Leconet, Wilhelm; Zhao, Zhen; Brouwer, Philip J.M.; Cushing, Melissa M.; Sanders, Rogier W.; Cupo, Albert; Klasse, Per Johan; Formenti, Silvia C.; Moore, John P.

doi:10.20411/pai.v6i1.441

Cited by 112 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Recent studies have evaluated serum and mucosal tissues including saliva and nasal swabs for cellular and antibody immunity to COVID-19 and vaccination and shown that a multifaceted immune response is important for protection (26,(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39). Further, there is evidence that NAbs are an important correlate of protection in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 (26,(38)(39)(40)(41)(42).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intramuscular SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit varying degrees of plasma and salivary antibody responses as compared to natural infection

Nahass

Salomon-Shulman

Blacker

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Vaccination induced antibody and T-cell immune responses are important for systemic protection from COVID-19. Because SARS-CoV-2 infects and is transmitted by oral-pharyngeal mucosa, we wished to test mucosal antibodies elicited by natural infection or intramuscular vaccine injection. In a non-randomized observational study, we measured antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 RBD in plasma and saliva from convalescent or vaccinated individuals and tested their neutralizing potential using a replication competent rVSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2. We found IgG and IgA anti-RBD antibodies as well as neutralizing activity in convalescent plasma and saliva. Two doses of mRNA vaccination (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) induced high levels of IgG anti-RBD in saliva, a subset of whom also had IgA, and significant neutralizing activity. We detected anti-RBD IgG and IgA with significant neutralizing potential in the plasma of single dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccinated individuals, and we detected slight amounts of anti-RBD antibodies in matched saliva. The role of salivary antibodies in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown and merits further investigation. This study was not designed to, nor did it study the full kinetics of the antibody response or protection from infection, nor did it address variants of SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intramuscular SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit varying degrees of plasma and salivary antibody responses as compared to natural infection

Nahass

Salomon-Shulman

Blacker

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 RBD were detectable in all 66 saliva and serum samples. Likewise, the levels of IgG in both saliva and serum remained detectable the longest (20).…”

Section: Saliva-based Elisasmentioning

confidence: 91%

Saliva-Based ELISAs for Effective SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Monitoring in Vaccinated Individuals

et al. 2021

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In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency—the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Since then, the development and implementation of vaccines against the virus amidst emerging cases of re-infection has prompted researchers to work towards understanding how immunity develops and is sustained. Serological testing has been instrumental in monitoring the development and persistence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection, however inconsistencies in detection have been reported by different methods. As serological testing becomes more commonplace, it is important to establish widespread and repeatable processes for monitoring vaccine efficacy. Therefore, we present enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) compatible for antibody detection in saliva as highly accurate, efficacious, and scalable tools for studying the immune response in individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2.

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“…The vaccine-induced protection observed in experimental models and in humans in phase 3 studies has not provided evidence that the vaccine prevents the possibility of infection [22,24,28,29,[83][84][85]. However, the recent identification of salivary IgA in subjects vaccinated with two doses of mRNA vaccines [86] is reassuring because, even though its protective role has not been explored, it allows us to rule out the fear of a poor IgA mucosal immune response [87].…”

Section: Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Autoimmune-Autoinflammatory Disorders and Primary/Secondary Immunodeficiencies: The Position of the Task Force on Behalf of the Italian Immunological Societies

et al. 2021

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The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has represented an unprecedented challenge for humankind from health, economic, and social viewpoints. In February 2020, Italy was the first western country to be deeply hit by the pandemic and suffered the highest case/fatality rate among western countries. Brand new anti-COVID-19 vaccines have been developed and made available in <1-year from the viral sequence publication. Patients with compromised immune systems, such as autoimmune-autoinflammatory disorders (AIAIDs), primary (PIDs) and secondary (SIDs) immunodeficiencies, have received careful attention for a long time regarding their capacity to safely respond to traditional vaccines. The Italian Immunological Societies, therefore, have promptly faced the issues of safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy/effectiveness of the innovative COVID-19 vaccines, as well as priority to vaccine access, in patients with AIADs, PIDs, and SIDs, by organizing an ad-hoc Task Force. Patients with AIADs, PIDs, and SIDs: (1) Do not present contraindications to COVID-19 vaccines if a mRNA vaccine is used and administered in a stabilized disease phase without active infection. (2) Should usually not discontinue immunosuppressive therapy, which may be modulated depending on the patient’s clinical condition. (3) When eligible, should have a priority access to vaccination. In fact, immunizing these patients may have relevant social/health consequences, since these patients, if infected, may develop chronic infection, which prolongs viral spread and facilitates the emergence of viral variants.

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Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines Are Detectable in Saliva

Cited by 112 publications

References 34 publications

Intramuscular SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit varying degrees of plasma and salivary antibody responses as compared to natural infection

Intramuscular SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit varying degrees of plasma and salivary antibody responses as compared to natural infection

Saliva-Based ELISAs for Effective SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Monitoring in Vaccinated Individuals

Anti-COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Autoimmune-Autoinflammatory Disorders and Primary/Secondary Immunodeficiencies: The Position of the Task Force on Behalf of the Italian Immunological Societies

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