Anticarcinogenic Effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Identification of Active Compounds

Yun, Taik Koo; Lee, Yun Sil; Lee, You Hui; Kim, Shin Il; Yun, Hyo Yung

doi:10.3346/jkms.2001.16.s.s6

Cited by 208 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Indeed, the extract from Panax ginseng, which has a predominance of Rb1, exerted a preventive effect in multiple cancer models. 14 Similarly, American ginseng was found to synergize with breast cancer chemotherapeutic agents, 15 coinciding with the interpretation of our data. In contrast, Sanqi ginseng is considered the key ingredient for the treatment of trauma injuries and for promoting microcirculation, 16,17 which would be consistent with the proangiogenic activity of its predominant ginsenoside Rg1.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Modulating Angiogenesis

et al. 2004

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Background-Ginseng is a commonly used nutraceutical. Intriguingly, existing literature reports both wound-healing and antitumor effects of ginseng extract through opposing activities on the vascular system. To elucidate this perplexity, we merged a chemical fingerprinting approach with a deconstructional study of the effects of pure molecules from ginseng extract on angiogenesis. Methods and Results-A mass spectrometric compositional analysis of American, Chinese and Korean, and Sanqi ginseng revealed distinct "sterol ginsenoside" fingerprints, especially in the ratio between a triol, Rg1, and a diol, Rb1, the 2 most prevalent constituents. Using a Matrigel implant model and reconstituting the extracts using distinct ratios of the 2 ginsenosides, we demonstrate that the dominance of Rg1 leads to angiogenesis, whereas Rb1 exerts an opposing effect. Rg1 also promoted functional neovascularization into a polymer scaffold in vivo and the proliferation of, chemoinvasion of, and tubulogenesis by endothelial cells in vitro, an effect mediated through the expression of nitric oxide synthase and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase3 Akt pathway. In contrast, Rb1 inhibited the earliest step in angiogenesis, the chemoinvasion of endothelial cells. Conclusions-The present study explains, for the first time, the ambiguity about the effects of ginseng in vascular pathophysiology based on the existence of opposing active principles in the extract. We also unraveled a speciogeographic variation impinging on the compositional fingerprint that may modulate the final phenotype. This emphasizes the need for regulations standardizing herbal therapy, currently under the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act. Furthermore, we propose that Rg1 could be a prototype for a novel group of nonpeptide molecules that can induce therapeutic angiogenesis, such as in wound healing. Key Words: ginsenosides Ⅲ angiogenesis Ⅲ nitric oxide T he use of botanicals as alternative medicine has seen a resurgence of use in the United States and Europe. In 2001, $17.8 billion was spent on dietary supplements, $4.2 billion of it for herbal remedies. 1 It is estimated that Ͼ12.1% of adults in the United States used herbal medicines in 1997. 2 Interestingly, in the United States, herbal medicines are regulated as dietary supplements and fall under the purview of the 1994 Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act (DSHEA) and thus can be marketed without prior approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 3 Ginseng is a key component in traditional Chinese medicine and is also one of the most extensively used botanical products in the West, which is evident from annual sales of US $0.225 to $0.3 billion. 4 Named by the botanist Carl Meyer, the genus Panax derives its name from the Greek pan (all) and akos (healing). 4 The activity of ginseng extract has been studied extensively. Ambiguously, ginseng extract has been reported to promote wound healing 5 and inhibit tumor growth 6,7 through opposing effects on angiogenesis. To elucidate this perplexity in...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Modulating Angiogenesis

et al. 2004

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“…Saponin and non-saponin ingredients of ginseng contain activity inhibiting a variety of cancer cell growth [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] .…”

Section: Efficacy Of Preventing Cancer and Activate Antitumor Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of KoreanPanax ginsengC A Meyer

Choi

2008

Acta Pharmacologica Sinica

546

383

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Korean Panax ginseng C A Meyer is mainly used to maintain the homeostasis of the body, and the pharmacological efficacy of Korean ginseng identified by modern science includes improved brain function, pain-relieving effects, preventive effects against tumors as well as anti-tumor activity, enhanced immune system function, anti-diabetic effects, enhanced liver function, adjusted blood pressure, anti-fatigue and anti-stress effects, improved climacteric disorder and sexual functions, as well as anti-oxidative and anti-aging effects. Further clinical studies of these pharmacological efficacies will continue to be carried out. Korean ginseng is found to have such main properties as ginsenoside, ployacetylene, acid polysaccharide, anti-oxidative aromatic compound, and insulin-like acid peptides. The number of ginsenoside types contained in Korean ginseng (38 ginsenosides) is substantially more than that of ginsenoside types contained in American ginseng (19 ginsenosides). Furthermore, Korean ginseng has been identified to contain more main non-saponin compounds, phenol compounds, acid polysaccharides and polyethylene compounds than American ginseng and Sanchi ginseng.

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“…Chronic intake of P ginseng decreased the incidence of lung, gastric, liver and colorectal tumors. Rh2 and Rg3 suppressed breast, prostate, liver and intestinal cancer [11,[48][49][50][51][52][53] . The anti-proliferative effects of petroleum ether extract of P ginseng in cultured human renal cell carcinoma cell lines were demonstrated; even its potency was weaker than partially purified P ginseng preparation, panaxydol, and some as panazynol [54] .…”

Section: Pharmacologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the pharmacological effects ofPanax ginsengandPanax quinquefolium

Chen¹,

Chiou²,

Zhang

2008

Acta Pharmacologica Sinica

232

139

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Medical application of Panax ginseng was first found in "Shen-Nong Herbal Classic" around 200 AD Panax quinquefolium was first introduced in "Essential of Materia Medica" in 1694 in China. The most important bioactive components contained in P ginseng and P quinquefolium are ginseng saponins (GS). The contents of ginsenoside Rb1, Re, and Rd in P quinquefolium are higher than they are in P ginseng. In P ginseng, the contents of Rg1,Rb2, and Rc are higher than they are in P quinquefolium. P ginseng had a higher ratio of Rg1: Rb1, and which was lower in P quinquefolium. After steaming for several hours, the total GS will decrease. However, some ginsenosides (Rg2, 20R-Rg2, Rg3, Rh1 and Rh2) increase, while others (Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) decrease. However, variation, especially in P quinquefolium, is high. P ginseng and P quinquefolium are general tonics and adaptogens. Rg1 and Rb1 enhance central nervous system (CNS) activities, but the effect of the latter is weaker. Thus, for the higher contents of Rg1, P ginseng is a stimulant, whereas the Rb1 contents of P quinquefolium are mainly calming to the CNS. Re, Rg1, panaxan A and B from P ginseng are good for diabetes. Re and Rg1 enhance angiogenesis, whereas Rb1, Rg3 and Rh2 inhibit it. Rh2, an antitumor agent, can be obtained from Rb1 by steaming. The content of Re in P quinquefolium are higher than in P ginseng by 3-4 times. The vasorelax, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and angiogenic effects of Re are reported. Thus, for the CNS "hot," wound healing and hypoglycemic effects, P ginseng is better than P quinquefolium. For anticancer effects, P quinquefolium is better.

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Anticarcinogenic Effect of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer and Identification of Active Compounds

Cited by 208 publications

References 54 publications

Modulating Angiogenesis

Modulating Angiogenesis

Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of KoreanPanax ginsengC A Meyer

Comparison of the pharmacological effects ofPanax ginsengandPanax quinquefolium

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