Anticipation skill in a real-world task: Measurement, training, and transfer in tennis.

Williams, A. Mark; Ward, Paul; Knowles, John M.; Smeeton, Nicholas J.

doi:10.1037/1076-898x.8.4.259

Cited by 276 publications

(333 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…However, the expert players had significantly longer fixation durations and final fixations compared to the novice players, supporting previous research. Their average final fixation of 1700 ms corresponded well with the duration of the execution phase, which was an average of 1900 ms. Data support previous research on moderately consistent and controlled tasks (Abernethy et al, 2008;Williams et al, 2002) showing fixations of a longer duration are indicative of expert performance. It is possible that the longer fixation duration allowed the expert group more time to extract information from the kinematic cues emanating from the opponent's body.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…As predicted, the expert participants were significantly more accurate at anticipation on the temporal occlusion test compared to the novice participants. Findings support previous research showing that expert athletes are better than novice athletes at anticipating upcoming actions (Abernethy, Gill, Parks, & Packer, 2001;Dicks, Button, & Davids, 2010;Gabbett, Rubinoff, Thorburn, & Farrow, 2007;Muller, Abernethy, & Farrow, 2006;Savelsbergh et al, 2002;Williams et al, 2002), especially earlier in the execution of the action (Abernethy, 1990;Williams et al, 2002). The expert group have a significantly greater amount of domain specific experience, thus enabling them to combine the current environmental situation with those previous experiences to aid in response selection (Causer et al, 2012), whereas the novices do not.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The visual fixation data supports previous research on badminton shots showing that fixations during anticipation judgments are located on specific distal areas of the body, such as arm, wrist, and racket (Abernethy & Russell, 1987). It contradicts previous research in tennis showing fixation locations tend to be distributed across a number of central regions of the body (e.g., head, trunk in Ward et al, 2002;Williams et al, 2002). Therefore, it seems the contradictory results between researchers investigating the kinematic differences between actions (e.g., Bourne et al, 2011) and those examining the kinematic information that observers fixate vision upon (e.g., Williams et al, 2002) are a product of examining these processes in isolation from one another.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

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The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Alder

Ford

Causer

et al. 2014

Human Movement Science

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a b s t r a c tPurpose: We examined links between the kinematics of an opponent's actions and the visual search behaviors of badminton players responding to those actions. Method: A kinematic analysis of international standard badminton players (n = 4) was undertaken as they completed a range of serves. Video of these players serving was used to create a life-size temporal occlusion test to measure anticipation responses. Expert (n = 8) and novice (n = 8) badminton players anticipated serve location while wearing an eye movement registration system. Results: During the execution phase of the opponent's movement, the kinematic analysis showed between-shot differences in distance traveled and peak acceleration at the shoulder, elbow, wrist and racket. Experts were more accurate at responding to the serves compared to novice players. Expert players fixated on the kinematic locations that were most discriminating between serve types more frequently and for a longer duration compared to novice players. Moreover, players were generally more accurate at responding to serves when they fixated vision upon the discriminating arm and racket kinematics.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

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The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Alder

Ford

Causer

et al. 2014

Human Movement Science

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“…Three search rate measures were calculated: the mean number of fixations, the mean number of areas fixated on, and the mean fixation duration for each trial (Williams, Ward, Knowles, & Smeeton, 2002). Fixation/tracking behavior was coded when gaze remained within 3º of visual angle of a location or moving object Percentage viewing time.…”

Section: Gaze Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of gaze behaviors under in situ and video simulation task constraints reveals differences in information pickup for perception and action

Dicks

Button

Davids

2010

Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics

279

259

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Gaze and movement behaviors of association football goalkeepers were compared under two video simulation conditions (i.e., verbal and joystick movement responses) and three in situ conditions (i.e., verbal, simplified body movement, and interceptive response). The results showed that the goalkeepers spent more time fixating on information from the penalty kick taker's movements than ball location for all perceptual judgment conditions involving limited movement (i.e., verbal responses, joystick movement, and simplified body movement). In contrast, an equivalent amount of time was spent fixating on the penalty taker's relative motions and the ball location for the in situ interception condition, which required the goalkeepers to attempt to make penalty saves. The data suggest that gaze and movement behaviors function differently, depending on the experimental task constraints selected for empirical investigations. These findings highlight the need for research on perceptualmotor behaviors to be conducted in representative experimental conditions to allow appropriate generalization of conclusions to performance environments.

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“…Williams et al (2002) have shown that the slow replay presentation of video accompanied by verbal instruction can contribute to raising the predictive ability of beginner tennis players, but the effectiveness of the verbal instruction and video presentations has not been fully verified in many other studies. This is because even if a player has participated in the experiments of a cognitive training program for raising the predictive abilities, the control of the conditions is difficult; therefore, the direct effects of training cannot be verified (Williams et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State Transition Probability as the Anticipation Clue of the Course of a Struck Ball

Kudo¹,

Yamamoto²,

Shinohara³

et al. 2017

APE

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When opponent players in a racket competition anticipate the course of a struck ball, they use the kinematic clues when the ball is struck as clues, including various contextual informations, such as the position when the ball is struck and the status of the game. This study proposes a measurement method of the state transition probability that shows the connection between two strokes as effective contextual information for increasing the accuracy of a player's anticipation of the course of a struck ball. The state transition probability that is calculated by the proposed method shows the struck ball sequence pattern for a player, and whether characteristic differences can be found between players is examined. Two matches of opposing players in a soft tennis singles match competition were analyzed in this study. The two-dimensional actual coordinate data of the drop position of the ball was acquired from the target matches. The courts were divided into three sections from the left to right direction, the depth direction, and from the net towards the baseline. The striking of the ball within these sections was defined as one state, and the state transition probability matrix was measured. The result shows that the state transition probabilities of two players, namely, the characteristic differences in the struck ball sequence pattern, were observed, and their effectiveness as contextual information of the prediction clues was demonstrated.

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Anticipation skill in a real-world task: Measurement, training, and transfer in tennis.

Cited by 276 publications

References 32 publications

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Examination of gaze behaviors under in situ and video simulation task constraints reveals differences in information pickup for perception and action

State Transition Probability as the Anticipation Clue of the Course of a Struck Ball

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