Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity in six dogs presenting for ocular disease

Griggs, Angela N.; Allbaugh, Rachel A.; Tofflemire, Kyle L.; Ben‐Shlomo, Gil; Whitley, David; Paulsen, Michael E.

doi:10.1111/vop.12267

Cited by 18 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Similar findings are reported for human non-accidental injuries and it has been suggested that subconjunctival haemorrhage may be a sentinel injury for physical abuse in children (Kleemann et al 1995, Spitzer et al 2005, Betts et al 2017. However, there is also evidence in the veterinary and human literature that subconjunctival haemorrhage is not specific for abuse but also occurs in accidental or self-inflicted injuries (Sperry 1993, Alexander & Jentzen 2011, Bamber et al 2014, Ghazanfari-Nasrabad et al 2016, Intarapanich et al 2016) and also associated with systemic diseases including coagulopathies (Griggs et al 2016), envenomation (Martins et al 2016) and vasculitis (Davidson et al 1989). To avoid overestimating the likelihood of abuse, it is important that veterinarians are aware of the range of possible underlying causes for subconjunctival haemorrhage in dogs.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

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Subconjunctival haemorrhage in 147 dogs

Saastamoinen

Rutter

Jeffery

2019

J of Small Animal Practice

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Objectives To identify differential diagnoses for subconjunctival haemorrhage in dogs. Materials and Methods Retrospective case series. Results Of 147 dogs with subconjunctival haemorrhage, 119 had a history of trauma. The most common types of injury were vehicular trauma (47/119) and dog attacks (32/119). Confirmed or suspected non‐accidental injury was reported for 5/119. Of the 28 dogs without a history of trauma, 13 had a bleeding disorder and of these, immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia was the most common diagnosis (9/13). Other causes included seizure disorders (4/28), vasculitis (3/28) and ocular or periocular disease (3/28). Clinical Significance Subconjunctival haemorrhage in dogs can be secondary to a wide range of injuries and systemic diseases, bleeding diathesis or ocular disease.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…) and also associated with systemic diseases including coagulopathies (Griggs et al . ), envenomation (Martins et al . ) and vasculitis (Davidson et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subconjunctival haemorrhage in 147 dogs

Saastamoinen

Rutter

Jeffery

2019

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…No information on the possible causes were given. Griggs et al (2016) described orbital and ocular disease in 6 dogs diagnosed with anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity. One of these patients showed a severe and acute unilateral orbital haemorrhage and remained blind.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orbital compartment syndrome resulting in unilateral blindness in two dogs

Sauvage¹,

Bolen²,

Monclin³

et al. 2018

Open Vet J.

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Orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is described in humans as an acute rise in intraorbital pressure following a severe and rapidly evolving orbital affection. It includes orbital oedema, haemorrhage or infection causing a marked reduction in local blood perfusion, and severely affecting the orbital neurovascular structures. If not promptly recognised and treated, it results in irreversible blindness. It is one of the rare ophthalmic surgical emergencies, requiring lateral canthotomy and cantholysis. This case report describes two canine cases of complex orbital, periorbital and facial abscesses resulting in OCS and permanent unilateral blindness diagnosed by ultrasonography, computed tomography and electroretinography.

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“…25 However, these poisons are nonspecific and may kill nontarget animals, such as companion animals, that consume them. 5 They can also disable or kill predators that eat rats killed by poisons, such as hawks and owls. 17 The worst possible scenario is the accidental poisoning of humans, which can lead to death.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COMPROMISED FERTILITY IN FREE FEEDING OF WILD-CAUGHT NORWAY RATS (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) WITH A LIQUID BAIT CONTAINING 4-VINYLCYCLOHEXENE DIEPOXIDE AND TRIPTOLIDE

Witmer¹,

Raymond-Whish²,

Moulton³

et al. 2017

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Wild rat pests in the environment cause crop and property damage and carry disease. Traditional methods of reducing populations of these pests involve poisons that can cause accidental exposures in other animals and humans. Fertility management with nonlethal chemicals would be an improved method of rat pest population control. Two chemicals known to target ovarian function in female rats are 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) and triptolide. Additionally, triptolide impairs spermatogenesis in males. A liquid bait containing no active ingredients (control), or containing triptolide (0.001%) and VCD (0.109%; active) was prepared to investigate the potential use of these agents for wild rat pest population control. Liquid bait was made available to male (n ¼ 8 control; n ¼ 8 active) and female (n ¼ 8 control; n ¼ 8 active) Sprague Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus) for oral consumption prior to breeding. Whereas, control bait-treated females produced normal-sized litters (10.0 6 1.7 pups/litter), treated females delivered no pups. Wild Norway male (n ¼ 20) and female (n ¼ 20) rats (Rattus norvegicus) were trapped, individually housed, and one group given free access to control bait, one group to active bait. Following three cycles of treatment-matched mating pairs, females consuming control bait (control) produced normal litter sizes (9.73 6 0.73 pups/litter). Females who had consumed active bait (treated) produced no litters on breeding cycles one and two; however, 2 of 10 females produced small litters on the third mating cycle. In a fourth breeding cycle, control females were crossmated with treated males, and treated females were crossmated with control males. In both groups, some dams produced litters, while others did not. The differences in response reflect a heterogeneity in return to cyclicity between females. These results suggest a potential approach to integrated pest management by compromising fertility, and could provide a novel alternative to traditional poisons for reducing populations of wild rat pests.

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Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity in six dogs presenting for ocular disease

Abstract: Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity can present with predominantly ocular manifestations. Rodenticide ingestion should be considered in dogs with unilateral or bilateral subconjunctival hemorrhage, exophthalmos, and orbital pain.

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Subconjunctival haemorrhage in 147 dogs

Subconjunctival haemorrhage in 147 dogs

Orbital compartment syndrome resulting in unilateral blindness in two dogs

COMPROMISED FERTILITY IN FREE FEEDING OF WILD-CAUGHT NORWAY RATS (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) WITH A LIQUID BAIT CONTAINING 4-VINYLCYCLOHEXENE DIEPOXIDE AND TRIPTOLIDE

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