Major depression is a multifactorial disease. Emerging evidence has suggested that autophagy is involved in the pathological process of depressive disorders. Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1), is an inhibitor of vacuolar H+âATPase that is frequently used at high concentrations to block lateâphase autophagy. However, whether Baf A1 has antidepressant effects remains to be elucidated. The current study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant effects of Baf A1 in rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and its potential mechanism. The CUMS animal model was established. The sucrose preference test, openâfield test (OFT) and forced swim test (FST) were applied to evaluate the depressive behavior. Synaptic plasticityâassociated proteins synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 were measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Apoptosisâ and autophagyâassociated proteins in addition to proâinflammatory cytokines, including interleukinâ1ÎČ and tumor necrosis factorâα, were detected by western blotting, reverse transcriptionâquantitative polymerase chain reaction or ELISA. A 4âweek treatment period with Baf A1 markedly ameliorated CUMSâinduced behavioral abnormalities, including increasing sucrose intake, improving locomotor activity in the OFT, and decreasing immobility time in the FST. In addition, treatment with Baf A1 restored the dysregulation of synaptic plasticity and inhibited neuroinflammation in rats exposed to CUMS. Furthermore, Baf A1 decreased the levels of apoptosisâ and autophagyâassociated proteins induced by CUMS. The present study demonstrated that Bafilomycin A1 resulted in antidepressant effects in rats, which may be mediated by the reversal of apoptosis, autophagy and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus.