Antifouling Strategies for Selective In Vitro and In Vivo Sensing

Abstract

The ability to fabricate sensory systems capable of highly selective operation in complex fluid will undoubtedly underpin key future developments in healthcare. However, the abundance of (bio)molecules in these samples can significantly impede performance at the transducing interface where nonspecific adsorption (fouling) can both block specific signal (reducing sensitivity) and greatly reduce assay specificity. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive review discussing concepts and recent advances in the construction of antifouling sensors that are, through the use of chemical, physical, or biological engineering, capable of operating in complex sample matrix (e.g., serum). We specifically highlight a range of molecular approaches to the construction of solid sensory interfaces (planar and nanoparticulate) and their characterization and performance in diverse in vitro and in vivo analyte (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, cells, neuronal transmitters) detection applications via derived selective optical or electrochemical strategies. We specifically highlight those sensors that are capable of detection in complex media or those based on novel architectures/approaches. Finally, we provide perspectives on future developments in this rapidly evolving field.

Reversing cold tumors to hot: An immunoadjuvant-functionalized metal-organic framework for multimodal imaging-guided synergistic photo-immunotherapy

“…This part of experimental methods refer to the previous published articles [ [51] , [52] , [53] ].1 μmol EDC and 1 μmol NHS were added to the solution of ICG-COOH (10 mM, 200 μL) to activate the eCOOH, and the mixture was thoroughly incorporated. MIL101-NH 2 (10 mg/mL, 1 mL) was then added.…”

Functionalizable Antifouling Coatings as Tunable Platforms for the Stress-Driven Manipulation of Living Cell Machinery

“…In the last decades, diverse polymer brushes with a variety of physicochemical properties and different abilities to control cell adhesion have been synthesized [4,[38][39][40][41]. In the framework of these studies, we have prepared two different sets of RGD-functionalized antifouling coatings based on a zwitterionic pCBAA homopolymer or p(CBMAA-ran-HPMAA) copolymers with different contents of CBMAA.…”

“…Using the available methods (for more details, see also the Supplementary Materials), a direct determination was found to be quite challenging. For example, while the level of immobilized RGD peptides on OEG SAM was quantified by the SPR method, it was not possible to determine the RGD-peptide surface concentration on the pCB-based coatings due to a very high pCB-based zwitterionic surface hydrophilicity [33,39,53] combined with a relatively small molecular weight of the RGD peptide ( Figure S2 in the Supplementary Materials). Therefore, we were not able to directly compare the level of functionalization of pCBAA, pCBMAA-based coatings, and OEG-based coatings.…”

Dealing with the Foreign‐Body Response to Implanted Biomaterials: Strategies and Applications of New Materials

“…However, the nonspecific adsorption caused by a large number of biomolecules in the sample will hinder the performance of the sensor interface, resulting in poor detection specificity, greatly reduced sensitivity and deviation. [ 305–307 ] Antifouling strategy to resist the nonspecific adsorption is an effective way to solve these problems, and is widely used in vitro in the detection of drug molecules, biomolecules, and blood glucose (BG) levels in body fluids. [ 70,305,308–312 ] Compared with in vitro sensors, in vivo sensors encounter harsher conditions and require longer duration.…”