Antifungal and anti‐biofilm effects of 6‐shogaol againstCandida auris

Abstract

Aims This study aimed to assess the antifungal and anti‐biofilm effects of 6‐shogaol against Candida auris using in vitro phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Methods and Results Our results showed that 6‐shogaol exhibited antifungal as well as anti‐biofilm activity by inhibiting biofilm formation and eradicating the preformed biofilms of C. auris. The rate and extent of antifungal activity were further confirmed by a time‐kill assay. The XTT reduction assay confirmed that 6‐shogaol decreased cellular metabolic activity in the biofilm. The effect of 6‐shogaol on established C. auris biofilms was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Also, this study demonstrated that 6‐shogaol reduced the levels of aspartyl proteinases and downregulated the expression of the efflux pump‐related CDR1 gene in C. auris. Conclusions The data indicated that 6‐shogaol extracted from ginger had antifungal and anti‐biofilm effects on C. auris. Significance and Impact of the Study This study demonstrated the value of the plant‐derived 6‐shogaol as a promising and potent bioactive compound. The mode of action of this compound against C. auris biofilm was also proposed.

Antibacterial Activity and Active Fraction of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A., and Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. Against Propionibacterium acnes

“…26,27 The ester compounds such as Hexanoic acid, 2,7-dimethyloct-7-en-5-yn-4-yl ester; and phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester is not yet known with certainty how the effect as an antibacterial and the mechanism of action. The zingerone 28 and 6-shogaol 29…”

Synergistic Activity of Equol and Meropenem against Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli

“…To determine the MIC of antimicrobial agents (meropenem, imipenem, ertapenem, and equol) against carbapenem-resistant E. coli strains, we used the broth microdilution method according to the CLSI guidelines M7-M9 [ 49 , 50 ]. The absorbance of the bacterial suspensions was measured at 600 nm with a Multiskan GO plate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).…”

“…To evaluate the synergistic effect of equol and meropenem against E. coli , the time–kill assay was performed using 96-well polystyrene plates according to a previous study [ 50 ], with slight modifications. Briefly, E. coli suspensions (1 × 10 6 CFU/mL) in TSB were exposed to antimicrobial agents (1 μg/mL of meropenem, 256 μg/mL of equol, or the combination of 1 μg/mL of meropenem plus 256 μg/mL of equol) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Samples were taken at time intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h and serially diluted in saline.…”

Promising Drug Candidates and New Strategies for Fighting against the Emerging Superbug Candida auris

“…In vivo, using an immunocompromised murine model of disseminated candidiasis, daily 75 µM farnesol proved to lower the fungal burden and could be a benefit as therapeutics or adjuvant for the treatment of candidiasis. [6]-Shogoal, one of the pungent constituents of ginger, exhibited antifungal and antibiofilm formation effects against C. auris [133]. The mode of action of [6]-shogoal was experimentally related to the reduction of the levels of aspartyl proteinases and downregulation of the expression of the efflux pump-related CDR1-gene in C. auris.…”

“…The authors proved that combination of these herbal monomers induced good antifungal activity against C. auris isolates the most potent combinations being SH/CIN and BER/PAL/JAT. [6]-Shogoal, one of the pungent constituents of ginger, exhibited antifungal and antibiofilm formation effects against C. auris [133]. The mode of action of [6]-shogoal was experimentally related to the reduction of the levels of aspartyl proteinases and downregulation of the expression of the efflux pump-related CDR1-gene in C. auris.…”