Antifungal effects of thymol and salicylic acid on cell membrane and mitochondria of Rhizopus stolonifer and their application in postharvest preservation of tomatoes

UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Approach Reveals the Antifungal Potential of Pinocembroside against Citrus Green Mold Phytopathogen

“…This data is in conformity with our previous reports where carvacrol showed positive effects in the MGI of P. digitatum [4]. The amount of water and its vital movements inside tissues have a close relationship; thus, rates of water-retention described the cell membrane permeability [25,26]. In the present study, the cell membrane damage in P. digitatum caused by PiCB, as evidenced by a decrease in water-retention rate, was accompanied by a marked breakage and leakage of the cell membranes (Table 1 and Figure 3).…”

“…The results showed that a plicated surface, inflated tip, and sunken mycelia of hyphae emerged in PiCB-treated group. Similar studies demonstrated that the morphological alterations in the plasma membrane are possibly due to the increase in cell membrane permeability, the leakage of small molecular substances, and discrepancies in cell metabolism, resulting in the impairment of the cell membrane [26,29]. Furthermore, the TEM images provided insights about the intracellular structures in PiCB-treated groups of P. digitatum cells.…”

“…As a versatile precursor for fatty acid synthesis and as an energy source, both these fatty acids take part in cytoplasmic metabolism and energy metabolism in the mitochondria of P. digitatum mycelia were severely disrupted. Other studies reported a confirmed role of metabolites in respiration inside the mitochondria of some phytopathogens, including TCA cycle and ATP synthesis, could be disturbed by botanical fungicides such as citral, thymol, and salicylic acid [21,26].…”

Comparison of the bioactive chemical components and antioxidant activities in three tissues of six varieties of Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’ fruits

“…[31] Recently, thymol was shown to have antifungal, anticancer, antibacterial and hepatoprotective activities. [32][33][34][35] Thus, thymol can be used to inhibit oral bacteria and as an antioxidant in food preservation. Moreover, thymol has also been reported as a therapy for wound repair.…”

Lignosulfonate Microcapsules for Delivery and Controlled Release of Thymol and Derivatives

“…It is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family [24]. Thymol is widely known in the chemical industry, because of its insecticidal [25,26], antibiotic [24,27], antitubercular [28], antileishmanial [29], and antineoplastic [30] properties, besides a general non-genotoxicity or cytotoxicity on human cells [31][32][33]. However, in the last few years, the interest is moving toward brominated thymol derivatives [34], which showed enhanced bioactivity against different bacterial and fungal strains [35,36].…”