Antifungal Potential of Terpenes from Spondias Purpurea L. Leaf Extract against Moniliophthora Perniciosa that causes Witches Broom Disease of Theobroma Cacao

Abstract

The present in vitro study evaluates antifungal properties of Spondias purpurea plant extract against Moniliophthora perniciosa. Fractions of Ethanol Crude Extracts (CE) from S. purpurea were tested for their antifungal activity. CE inhibited mycelial growth of M. perniciosa by 60%at a dose of 10 mg/mL, while survival of broken hyphae of the fungus was inactivated by 90% at a dose of 8 mg/mL. Fractionation of CE yielded a terpene containing sub fraction (FA) with the highest fungicidal activity. FA acted as oxidant and its application induced oxidative stress in M. perniciosa that may be the responsible for the observed induced cell death. The chromatographic profile obtained with FA of S. purpurea revealed a variety of terpenes, which included Spathulenol (14.2%), Linolenic acid (8.4%), trans Caryophyllene (6.9%), and Alpha-muurolene (6.9%).This study describes for the first time effects of terpenes of S. purpurea related to induced oxidative stress in fungus. S. purpurea, therefore, may be a natural source for isolation of antifungal compounds against M. perniciosa. This characteristic may be useful in application as botanical fungicide in biological control.

Biotechnological activity of Spondias purpurea L.: Screening for antimicrobial activity and toxicity

“…One investigated the oxidant activity of CE in yeast mutants related to deficiency in oxidative stress (cttΔ, ctaΔ, sod1Δ and sod2Δ). These data corroborate studies found by Marisco et al (2017), who indicates that oxidative activity via free radical production. This study of S. purpurea showed toxicity (FC) when compared to the standards described by Meyer et al (1982).…”

“…The inhibition of cell division observed through the values of the mitotic index in S. purpurea demonstrates that this plant has potential for antiproliferative capacity. This response may be associated with the presence of terpenes detected in phytochemical analysis performed with the extract of S. purpurea (Marisco et al, 2017).…”

“…Studies by Marisco et al (2017) report the antifungal activity of these crude extract and fraction against Moniliophthora perniciosa, plant pathogenic fungus, suggesting that activity with the presence of terpenoids; the major components were identified as spathulenol (14,2%), linolenic acid (8.4%), trans-caryophyllene (6,9%) and alpha-muurolene (6,9%). Phytochemical studies showed the relation of antifungal activity with in the presence of terpenoids, thus exhibiting excellent activity against C. albicans yeast and hyphal form (Zore et al, 2011).…”

Heterologous Production of β-Caryophyllene and Evaluation of Its Activity against Plant Pathogenic Fungi

“…In this context, plant metabolites are a rich source of bioactive compounds explorable for the use of preventing and controlling plant pathogenic microbes. In the last decade, several studies investigated terpenoids as potential antiphytopathogenic compounds [ 67 , 71 , 76 , 77 , 107 , 108 ]. β-caryophyllene is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a constituent of many essential oils.…”

“…Firstly, plants, as a part of a complex ecosystem, can produce enormous amounts of secondary metabolites for their survival and maintenance. Phenolics and terpenes are examples of metabolites that are produced by plants and act as antimicrobial agents and feeding deterrents [ 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ]. The presence of a wide range of terpenes encouraged their use as nature-inspired plant protection agents in agriculture or their use for drug development.…”