Antifungal Susceptibility and Biofilm Production of Candida spp. Isolated from Clinical Samples

Abstract

Objective The study aims to speciate clinical Candida isolates and detect their biofilm-forming ability and antifungal resistance. Methods All the Candida spp. isolated from different clinical samples like pus, urine, blood, and body fluid were included in the study. Biofilm production was tested by the microtiter plate method. Antifungal susceptibility was studied by the disk diffusion method. Patient's demographic details such as age, sex, and clinical information were collected. Presence of other risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, history of antibiotic use, and any urinary tract instrumentations was also recorded. Results Among 90 Candida species isolated, most predominant species was found to be C. albicans (45.5%) followed by C. tropicalis (28.88%), C. krusei (20%), C. glabrata (3.33%), and C. parapsilosis (2.22%). Candida spp. were isolated from urine (43%), BAL/sputum (18.88%), high vaginal swab (8.88%), suction tips (7.77%), blood and wound swabs (6.66%), pus (3.33%), bile aspirate (2.22%), and deep tissue (1.11%). A larger number of females were affected than males, and the age group of 51 to 60 years was more susceptible to candidiasis. A higher number of C. albicans isolates produced biofilm followed by C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. However, C. glabrata showed no biofilm production in our study. All Candida isolates were 100% sensitive to amphotericin B. Voriconazole was the next effective drug with 81.11% susceptibility. 24.44% of strains were resistant to fluconazole. Conclusion Speciation of Candida isolates, detection of ability to form the biofilm, and monitoring of antifungal susceptibility testing are necessary for appropriate treatment.

Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of the Licania Rigida Leaf Ethanolic Extract against Biofilms Formed by Candida Sp. Isolates in Acrylic Resin Discs

“…In our study, there were significant differences in the treatment of biofilms formed by three strains treated with this antifungal. Although a reduction in biofilm biomass was observed with fluconazole treatment in the present study, resistance to this drug is increasing among Candida species [26,27].…”

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Crotoxin as an Antiseptic against Candida spp. Biofilms

“…Fungal susceptibility to CTX and CTX-containing mouthwash was determined according to the CLSI M27-A2 broth microdilution reference method [ 37 ], with minor modifications [ 38 ], and performed on sterile 96-well round-bottom microplates. CTX and CTX-containing mouthwash were diluted with SDB to achieve 2X concentrations of the protein (6000 to 3 µg/mL), and a volume of 100 μL was dispensed into the wells.…”

Effective Inhibition of Candidiasis Using an Eco-Friendly Leaf Extract of Calotropis-gigantean-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles

“…A wide range of virulence factors supports the infection ability of C. albicans, including the morphological transition between yeast and hyphal forms (phenotypic switching), and the expression of adhesions and invasions in the cell surface and the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes. The formation of biofilms also plays an important role in pathogenesis, where cells in a biofilm display a higher resistance to antifungal drugs because of the improper penetration of antifungal agents [5]. Consequently, the inhibition of biofilm formation and dimorphic transition are considered effective strategies for controlling the virulence and pathogenicity of C. albicans and form the basis for development of anti-fungal drugs [6].…”