Antigenic analysis of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses circulating in Egypt (2006–2012)

Ibrahim, Mahmoud; Eladl, Abdelfattah H.; Sultan, Hesham; Arafa, Abdel-Satar; Razik, Alaa G. Abdel; Rahman, Sahar Abd El; IAbou.Elazm, Kamel; Saif, Y. M.; Lee, Chang-Won

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.022

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Because H5N1 HPAI is endemic in Egypt, it is unlikely that the virus will be eliminated from the country in the short term, considering current production systems (FAO, ). Hence, H5N1 continues to limit the optimization of poultry economies and poses a serious public health threat in the country (Ibrahim et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Influenza H5N1 Surveillance and its Dynamics in Poultry in Live Bird Markets, Egypt

ElMasry¹,

Elshiekh

Abdlenabi

et al. 2015

Transbound Emerg Dis

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H5N1, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1 HPAI), is an endemic disease that is significant for public health in Egypt. Live bird markets (LBMs) are widespread in Egypt and play an important role in HPAI disease dynamics. The aim of the study was to evaluate the H5N1 HPAI prevalence in representative LBMs from 2009 to 2014, assess the effects of other variables and evaluate past outbreaks and human cases. It was found that ducks and geese are high-risk species and that the prevalence of H5N1 HPAI was higher immediately after the political crises of 2011. The end of a calendar year (June to December) was a high-risk period for positive samples, and the risk in urban LBMs was twice the risk in rural LBMs. Winter and political unrest was associated with higher H5N1 HPAI prevalence. Both human and poultry populations will continue to rise in Egypt, so continued poultry outbreaks are likely to be linked to more human cases. LBMs will continue to play a role in the dynamics of poultry disease in Egypt, and there is a need to reorganize markets in terms of biosecurity and traceability. It may also be beneficial to reduce inter-governorate inter-regional movements associated with poultry trade through promotion of regional trade or in the alternative provide sanitary features along the poultry market chain to reduce the speed of H5N1 HPAI infections. Policy formulation, design and enforcement must be pro-poor, and consideration of the sociocultural and economic realities in Egypt is important. The LBMs provide ideal platforms to carry out sound surveillance plans and mitigate zoonotic risks of H5N1 HPAI to humans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Influenza H5N1 Surveillance and its Dynamics in Poultry in Live Bird Markets, Egypt

ElMasry¹,

Elshiekh

Abdlenabi

et al. 2015

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Since then, extensive evolution of these viruses has produced several subclades (Supplementary Fig. S1)2345678. Almost all recent human cases in Egypt have been caused by viruses of subclades 2.2.1 and 2.2.1.2.…”

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confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of recent Egyptian H5N1 influenza viruses

Arafa¹,

Yamada

Imai

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype are enzootic in poultry populations in different parts of the world, and have caused numerous human infections in recent years, particularly in Egypt. However, no sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses has yet been reported. We tested nine naturally occurring Egyptian H5N1 viruses (isolated in 2014–2015) in ferrets and found that three of them transmitted via respiratory droplets, causing a fatal infection in one of the exposed animals. All isolates were sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors. However, these viruses were not transmitted via respiratory droplets in three additional transmission experiments in ferrets. Currently, we do not know if the efficiency of transmission is very low or if subtle differences in experimental parameters contributed to these inconsistent results. Nonetheless, our findings heighten concern regarding the pandemic potential of recent Egyptian H5N1 influenza viruses.

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“…S2). Large amounts of poultry were raised in these regions3637. Although large antigenic diversity was observed in these regions, most of the ACs circulating there were introduced from China2838.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continual Antigenic Diversification in China Leads to Global Antigenic Complexity of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses

Peng

Zhou

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus poses a significant potential threat to human society due to its wide spread and rapid evolution. In this study, we present a comprehensive antigenic map for HPAI H5N1 viruses including 218 newly sequenced isolates from diverse regions of mainland China, by computationally separating almost all HPAI H5N1 viruses into 15 major antigenic clusters (ACs) based on their hemagglutinin sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 12 of these 15 ACs originated in China in a divergent pattern. Further analysis of the dissemination of HPAI H5N1 virus in China identified that the virus’s geographic expansion was co-incident with a significant divergence in antigenicity. Moreover, this antigenic diversification leads to global antigenic complexity, as typified by the recent HPAI H5N1 spread, showing extensive co-circulation and local persistence. This analysis has highlighted the challenge in H5N1 prevention and control that requires different planning strategies even inside China.

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Antigenic analysis of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses circulating in Egypt (2006–2012)

Cited by 19 publications

References 56 publications

Avian Influenza H5N1 Surveillance and its Dynamics in Poultry in Live Bird Markets, Egypt

Avian Influenza H5N1 Surveillance and its Dynamics in Poultry in Live Bird Markets, Egypt

Risk assessment of recent Egyptian H5N1 influenza viruses

Continual Antigenic Diversification in China Leads to Global Antigenic Complexity of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses

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