Continual Antigenic Diversification in China Leads to Global Antigenic Complexity of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses

Peng, Yousong; Li, Xiaodan; Zhou, Hongbo; Wu, Aiping; Dong, Libo; Zhang, Ye; Gao, Rongbao; Bo, Hong; Yang, Lei; Wang, Dayang; Lin, Xian; Jin, Meilin; Shu, Yuelong; Jiang, Taijiao

doi:10.1038/srep43566

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The E2 protein of CSFV plays a relevant role in inducing immune protection against the viral infection and it is, therefore, prone to immune pressure to generate antigenic variation more easily (Hu et al, ; Perez, Diaz de Arce, et al, ; Rios et al, ; Shen et al, ; Tang et al, ). The combination of epitope and deimmunization classification, with antigenic characterization by cross‐neutralization and antigenic metric distance estimation, enables the development of antigenic maps for viral agents such as influenza virus (Li et al, ; Liu et al, ; Peng et al, ) or Newcastle disease virus (Liu et al, ). Indeed, this methodology has been successfully applied to establish early control measures for certain emergent strains of these viral agents, including changes to the type of vaccines to be used (Li et al, ; Liu et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive selection pressure on E2 protein of classical swine fever virus drives variations in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity: Implication for epidemiological surveillance in endemic areas

Coronado

Rios

Frı́as

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is considered one of the most important infectious diseases with devasting consequences for the pig industry. Recent reports describe the emergence of new CSFV strains resulting from the action of positive selection pressure, due mainly to the bottleneck effect generated by ineffective vaccination. Even though a decrease in the genetic diversity of the positively selected CSFV strains has been observed by several research groups, there is little information about the effect of this selective force on the virulence degree, antigenicity and pathogenicity of this type of strains. Hence, the aim of the current study was to determine the effect of the positive selection pressure on these three parameters of CSFV strains, emerged as result of the bottleneck effects induced by improper vaccination in a CSF‐endemic area. Moreover, the effect of the positively selected strains on the epidemiological surveillance system was assessed. By the combination of in vitro, in vivo and immunoinformatic approaches, we revealed that the action of the positive selection pressure induces a decrease in virulence and alteration in pathogenicity and antigenicity. However, we also noted that the evolutionary process of CSFV, especially in segregated microenvironments, could contribute to the gain‐fitness event, restoring the highly virulent pattern of the circulating strains. Besides, we denoted that the presence of low virulent strains selected by bottleneck effect after inefficient vaccination can lead to a relevant challenge for the epidemiological surveillance of CSF, contributing to under‐reports of the disease, favouring the perpetuation of the virus in the field. In this study, B‐cell and CTL epitopes on the E2 3D‐structure model were also identified. Thus, the current study provides novel and significant insights into variation in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity experienced by CSFV strains after the positive selection pressure effect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive selection pressure on E2 protein of classical swine fever virus drives variations in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity: Implication for epidemiological surveillance in endemic areas

Coronado

Rios

Frı́as

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…The most serious pandemic occurred in 1918, killing more than 50 million people worldwide [ 8 ]. Since 1996, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (H5N1) has caused more than 1000 deaths, resulting in a mortality rate of about 55% [ 9 ]. Recently, a low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus (H7N9) identified first in the East China region caused an outbreak in humans, with a mortality rate as high as 40% [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment

Shao

Goraya

et al. 2017

IJMS

285

214

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Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interact with a host. A large number of studies have revealed that the evolution of influenza A virus is mainly mediated through the mutation of the virus itself and the re-assortment of viral genomes derived from various strains. The evolution of influenza A virus through these mechanisms causes worldwide annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Importantly, influenza A virus can evolve from an animal infected pathogen to a human infected pathogen. The highly pathogenic influenza virus has resulted in stupendous economic losses due to its morbidity and mortality both in human and animals. Influenza viruses fall into a category of viruses that can cause zoonotic infection with stable adaptation to human, leading to sustained horizontal transmission. The rapid mutations of influenza A virus result in the loss of vaccine optimal efficacy, and challenge the complete eradication of the virus. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of influenza A virus evolution caused by the mutation and re-assortment of viral genomes. In addition, we discuss the specific mechanisms by which the virus evolves.

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“…Finally, in China, the rapid increase in HPAI reassortments and the increase in antigenic diversity also coincided with the time when mass-vaccination for HPAI control was implemented. Increase in antigenic drift and diversity promotes rapid antigenic evolution, which further complicates control by vaccination ( 94 ). It has not been conclusively proven that vaccination correlates with genetic reassortment, and even though vaccination protects poultry flocks from overt shedding of virus and clinical signs, subclinical infection and silent circulation in poultry does occur ( 95 ) and even leads to generation of reassortants as seen by the isolation of vaccine escape variants of HPAI H5N2 in China ( 96 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical and Historical Patterns in the Emergences of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 and H7 Viruses in Poultry

et al. 2018

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Over the years, the emergence of novel H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) has been taking place through two main mechanisms: first, the conversion of a low pathogenic into a highly pathogenic virus, and second, the reassortment between different genetic segments of low and highly pathogenic viruses already in circulation. We investigated and summarized the literature on emerging HPAI H5 and H7 viruses with the aim of building a spatio-temporal database of all these recorded conversions and reassortments events. We subsequently mapped the spatio-temporal distribution of known emergence events, as well as the species and production systems that they were associated with, the aim being to establish their main characteristics. From 1959 onwards, we identified a total of 39 independent H7 and H5 LPAI to HPAI conversion events. All but two of these events were reported in commercial poultry production systems, and a majority of these events took place in high-income countries. In contrast, a total of 127 reassortments have been reported from 1983 to 2015, which predominantly took place in countries with poultry production systems transitioning from backyard to intensive production systems. Those systems are characterized by several co-circulating viruses, multiple host species, regular contact points in live bird markets, limited biosecurity within value chains, and frequent vaccination campaigns that impose selection pressures for emergence of novel reassortants. We conclude that novel HPAI emergences by these two mechanisms occur in different ecological niches, with different viral, environmental and host associated factors, which has implications in early detection and management and mitigation of the risk of emergence of novel HPAI viruses.

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Continual Antigenic Diversification in China Leads to Global Antigenic Complexity of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses

Cited by 17 publications

References 57 publications

Positive selection pressure on E2 protein of classical swine fever virus drives variations in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity: Implication for epidemiological surveillance in endemic areas

Positive selection pressure on E2 protein of classical swine fever virus drives variations in virulence, pathogenesis and antigenicity: Implication for epidemiological surveillance in endemic areas

Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment

Geographical and Historical Patterns in the Emergences of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 and H7 Viruses in Poultry

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