Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment

Abstract

Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interact with a host. A large number of studies have revealed that the evolution of influenza A virus is mainly mediated through the mutation of the virus itself and the re-assortment of viral genomes derived from various strains. The evolution of influenza A virus through these mechanisms causes worldwide annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Importantly, influenza A virus can evolve from an animal infected pathogen to a human infected pathogen. The highly pathogenic influenza virus has resulted in stupendous economic losses due to its morbidity and mortality both in human and animals. Influenza viruses fall into a category of viruses that can cause zoonotic infection with stable adaptation to human, leading to sustained horizontal transmission. The rapid mutations of influenza A virus result in the loss of vaccine optimal efficacy, and challenge the complete eradication of the virus. In this review, we highlight the current understanding of influenza A virus evolution caused by the mutation and re-assortment of viral genomes. In addition, we discuss the specific mechanisms by which the virus evolves.

Distúrbios Do Sono E Sua Medicalização: Uma Revisão Narrativa Da Literatura

“…O sono é normalmente tipificado como um processo homeostático regulado, onde há a presença de uma tentativa do organismo em compensar o sono perdido após um longo período de vigília, sendo que tal compensação vem a ocorrer pelo aumento da duração total do próximo período de sono, sendo este fenômeno por vezes denominado como sono de recuperação 15,16 .…”

Evolution of H5-Type Avian Influenza A Virus Towards Mammalian Tropism in Egypt, 2014 to 2015

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Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Viral Infections

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