Antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza A H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in Europe

Marozin, Sabrina; Gregory, Victoria; Cameron, K. R.; Bennett, Michael S.; Valette, Martine; Aymard, M; Foni, Emanuela; Barigazzi, G.; Lin, Yi Pu; Hay, Alan J.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-83-4-735

Cited by 113 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Some genotype B and Y viruses also carried this mutation. Similar mutations associated with amantadine resistance have been reported in porcine influenza viruses (19), and all of the early human H1N1 isolates before 1940 with a similar substitution are amantadine resistant (R.G.W., unpublished data). It remains unknown why such resistance has emerged and persisted in the influenza viruses of these populations in the absence of known amantadine exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

H5N1 influenza: A protean pandemic threat

Guan

Poon

Cheung

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

364

301

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

H5N1 influenza: A protean pandemic threat

Guan

Poon

Cheung

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

364

301

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“…Het-I protection has also been reported for European SIV. HA genes from European H1N1 and H1N2 SIVs are not related since the HA of the H1N1 virus originated from avian lineage while the HA of the H1N2 virus is of human origin (26). Despite heterologous HA genes, pigs previously infected intranasally with live H1N1 SIV followed by live H3N2 SIV were clinically protected from a subsequent H1N2 challenge and virus replication was markedly reduced (50,51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination of Pigs against Swine Influenza Viruses by Using an NS1-Truncated Modified Live-Virus Vaccine

Richt

Lekcharoensuk

Lager

et al. 2006

J Virol

163

129

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“…8,19,77,85,89 Influenza was first recognized as a respiratory disease entity in swine during the 1918 human Spanish flu pandemic. 67 The virus was not isolated until 1931, when nasal discharge from pigs was inoculated into ferrets and subsequently into embryonated chicken eggs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A Virus Infections in Swine

Janke

2013

Vet Pathol

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Influenza has been recognized as a respiratory disease in swine since its first appearance concurrent with the 1918 ''Spanish flu'' human pandemic. All influenza viruses of significance in swine are type A, subtype H1N1, H1N2, or H3N2 viruses. Influenza viruses infect epithelial cells lining the surface of the respiratory tract, inducing prominent necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis and variable interstitial pneumonia. Cell death is due to direct virus infection and to insult directed by leukocytes and cytokines of the innate immune system. The most virulent viruses consistently express the following characteristics of infection: (1) higher or more prolonged virus replication, (2) excessive cytokine induction, and (3) replication in the lower respiratory tract. Nearly all the viral proteins contribute to virulence. Pigs are susceptible to infection with both human and avian viruses, which often results in gene reassortment between these viruses and endemic swine viruses. The receptors on the epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract are major determinants of infection by influenza viruses from other hosts. The polymerases, especially PB2, also influence cross-species infection. Methods of diagnosis and characterization of influenza viruses that infect swine have improved over the years, driven both by the availability of new technologies and by the necessity of keeping up with changes in the virus. Testing of oral fluids from pigs for virus and antibody is a recent development that allows efficient sampling of large numbers of animals.Keywords influenza virus, swine, pathogenesis, cytokines, apoptosis, virulence, cross-species infection, hemagglutinin, receptors, polymerases, diagnosisThe evolution and epidemiology of influenza A virus (IAV) infections in swine have been integrally tied to the segmented nature of the genome of the virus, which facilitates gene reassortment, and to the adaptability of these genes through mutation, which sometimes facilitates replication in a new host. 8,19,77,85,89 Influenza was first recognized as a respiratory disease entity in swine during the 1918 human Spanish flu pandemic. 67 The virus was not isolated until 1931, when nasal discharge from pigs was inoculated into ferrets and subsequently into embryonated chicken eggs. 129 In 1933, a similar virus was recovered from humans with this technique. 131 The viruses were essentially identical and served as the prototype for type A subtype H1N1 influenza viruses.All influenza viruses of significance that infect swine are type A viruses, defined by the highly conserved internal nucleoproteins and matrix proteins. Influenza A virus subtypes are based on the external hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. The predominant viruses in swine populations in different parts of the world may have genes of different origin, even though the subtypes may be similar. 10,73,171 The original classic H1N1 swine influenza virus, which remained the predominant influenza virus in North American swine populations for nearl...

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Antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza A H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in Europe

Cited by 113 publications

References 27 publications

H5N1 influenza: A protean pandemic threat

H5N1 influenza: A protean pandemic threat

Vaccination of Pigs against Swine Influenza Viruses by Using an NS1-Truncated Modified Live-Virus Vaccine

Influenza A Virus Infections in Swine

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