Antigenic characterization of recent H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses circulating in Egyptian poultry

Beato, Maria Serena; Mancin, Marzia; Yang, Jialiang; Buratin, Alessandra; Ruffa, Marco; Maniero, Silvia; Fusaro, Alice; Terregino, Calogero; Wan, Xiu‐Feng; Capua, Ilaria

doi:10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.016

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Antigenic cartography was generated based on HI data using AntigenMap (32,33) by setting 1:10 as the low reactor. Data normalization was performed as previously reported (34)(35)(36). Influenza A viruses were classified into antigenic clusters using k-mean clustering (37).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic Characterization of H3N2 Influenza A Viruses from Ohio Agricultural Fairs

Feng

Gomez

Bowman

et al. 2013

J Virol

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic Characterization of H3N2 Influenza A Viruses from Ohio Agricultural Fairs

Feng

Gomez

Bowman

et al. 2013

J Virol

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“…The existence of susceptible wild animal and bird species adds further layers of complexity to AIV epidemiology [9]. The emergence of the mutated Egyptian H5N1 mutations was observed early in 2007 [10], despite the implementation of the massive vaccination. Protection from the appearance / reactivation of AIV mutations in endemic areas is partially hampered by one or more of the following factors:…”

Section: Aiv Is Influenza a Virus (Iav) Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Time to import vaccines from international suppliers IV. Use of "leaking vaccines" [10] and V. Multiple, often antigenic [7].…”

Section: Aiv Is Influenza a Virus (Iav) Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of Failure to Eradicate Avian Influenza in Egypt

Kaoud¹

2017

OAJS

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Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com of an endemic state. Continued virus replication in endemic areas, and the spread from infected birds to other birds and other species in infected zones increase the risk of generating potentially pandemic AIV. Materials and Methods AIV is influenza a virus (IAV) ofOrthomyxoviridae. It has a segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome. The translation products of segments 1-3 assemble into the viral transcriptase complex [7]. The rapid evolutionary pattern of AIV is a result of its high rate of transcriptase errors, recombination, and reassortment [7,8]. This rapid mutation is sometimes associated with adaptation to multiple host species (including humans, animals, and birds) [7]. It can also lead to change in virulence characteristics. The existence of susceptible wild animal and bird species adds further layers of complexity to AIV epidemiology [9]. The emergence of the mutated Egyptian H5N1 mutations was observed early in 2007 [10], despite the implementation of the massive vaccination. Protection from the appearance / reactivation of AIV mutations in endemic areas is partially hampered by one or more of the following factors: The use of leaks and multiple vaccines allows multiple antigens to replicate the virus and subsequent mutations in partially protected herds. This situation can be exacerbated by inadequate and / or unequal application of vaccines in endemic areas, poor herd conditions (e.g. poor quality of fodder, housing, management, health status, etc.) [11]. On the other hand, a review of the way in which so many commercial vaccines are used in endemic areas may provide an opportunity to reduce the impact of the diversity of viruses, particularly in emergencies [12]. Updated vaccine seed is the optimal approach to provide protection against emerging AIV strains. However, the success of vaccine application is often limited through logistics to produce vaccines and deliver them to affected areas. The existing knowledge related to molecular biology and AIV evolution has been used to propose a rapid and feasible intervention tool in the face of emerging viruses. ConclusionIncorrect application of vaccine-based control strategies contributes to AIV diversity and results in complication of the epidemiological situation. The Egyptian situation is a clear example of this problem. Although vaccination against AIV H5N1 was adopted in Egypt since 2006, severe avian influenza (AI) associated with HP AIV H5N1 continue to be reported in vaccinated flocks. Phylogenetically-divergent H5N1 viruses, which are only partly antigenically cross-reactive, co-circulate in Egypt. The Egyptian situation poses a threat to the rest of the world. AcknowledgementNone. Conflict of InterestThe author declares no conflict of interest. Mini ReviewOpen Access J Sci 2017, 1(4): 00020 AimIn this mini-review we have presented some causes of failure to eradicate avian influenza virus in Egypt since 2006. IntroductionHPAI is a disease of global concern because of the threat posed to ...

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“…Viruses that belong to clade 2.2.1 were isolated mostly in Egypt and have been prevalent in poultry in this area since 2006; 346 human cases, including 77 deaths, were reported between 2006 and 2015, and 136 cases, including 39 deaths, were reported in 2015 alone in Egypt (http://www.who.int/ influenza/human_animal_interface/2016_07_19_tableH5N1.pdf?uaϭ1). The Egypt isolates further evolved into two clades, from 2.2.1 to 2.2.1.1 and 2.2.1.2, since 2008 (2)(3)(4). Viruses from Egypt also acquired the ability to bind ␣2,6-linked (human-type) sialic acid receptors, raising concerns about their increased risk of transmission to humans (5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of Clade-Specific and Broadly Reactive Live Attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccines against Rapidly Evolving H5 Subtype Viruses

Boonnak

Matsuoka

Wang

et al. 2017

J Virol

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We have developed pandemic live attenuated influenza vaccines (pLAIVs) against clade 1 H5N1 viruses on an Ann Arbor cold-adapted (ca) backbone that induced long-term immune memory. In 2015, many human infections caused by a new clade (clade 2.2.1.1) of goose/Guangdong (gs/GD) lineage H5N1 viruses were reported in Egypt, which prompted updating of the H5N1 pLAIV. We explored two strategies to generate suitable pLAIVs. The first approach was to modify the hemagglutinin gene of a highly pathogenic wild-type (wt) clade 2.2.1.1 virus, A/Egypt/N03434/2009 (Egy/09) (H5N1), with its unmodified neuraminidase (NA) gene; this virus was designated Egy/09 ca. The second approach was to select a low-pathogenicity avian influenza H5 virus that elicited antibodies that cross-reacted with a broad range of H5 viruses, including the Egypt H5N1 viruses, and contained a novel NA subtype for humans. We selected the lowpathogenicity A/duck/Hokkaido/69/2000 (H5N3) (dk/Hok/00) virus for this purpose. Both candidate vaccines were attenuated and immunogenic in ferrets, inducing antibodies that neutralized homologous and heterologous H5 viruses with different degrees of cross-reactivity; Egy/09 ca vaccine antisera were more specific for the gs/GD lineage viruses but did not neutralize recent North American isolates (clade 2.3.4.4), whereas antisera from dk/Hok/69 ca-vaccinated ferrets crossreacted with clade 2.3.4.4 and 2.2.1 viruses but not clade 1 or 2.1 viruses. When vaccinated ferrets were challenged with homologous and heterologous H5 viruses, challenge virus replication was reduced in the respiratory tract. Thus, the two H5 pLAIV candidates are suitable for clinical development to protect humans from infection with different clades of H5 viruses.IMPORTANCE In response to the continuing evolution of H5N1 avian influenza viruses and human infections, new candidate H5 live attenuated vaccines were developed by using two different approaches: one targeted a specific circulating strain in Egypt, and the other was based on a virus that elicits broadly crossreactive antibodies against a wide range of H5 viruses. Both candidate vaccines were immunogenic and exhibited protective efficacy in ferrets. Our study permits a comparison of the two approaches, and the data support the further development of both vaccine viruses to optimally prepare for the further spread of clade 2.2.1 or 2.3.4.4 viruses.KEYWORDS H5N1, influenza, live vaccine, pandemic

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Antigenic characterization of recent H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses circulating in Egyptian poultry

Cited by 25 publications

References 14 publications

Antigenic Characterization of H3N2 Influenza A Viruses from Ohio Agricultural Fairs

Antigenic Characterization of H3N2 Influenza A Viruses from Ohio Agricultural Fairs

Causes of Failure to Eradicate Avian Influenza in Egypt

Development of Clade-Specific and Broadly Reactive Live Attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccines against Rapidly Evolving H5 Subtype Viruses

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