Antigenic variation of wild and vaccine rabies strains of Egypt

Botros, B. A. M.; Salib, Adel W.; Mellick, Paul W.; Linn, Jeffery M.; Soliman, Atef K.; Scott, Robert McNair

doi:10.1002/jmv.1890240204

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Vaccination of dogs in Egypt was usually done by low-egg-passage of the Flury strain, which has now been replaced by attenuated tissue culture vaccines [ 266 ]. The disease transmitted to humans in Egypt mainly by dog bites, however the virus has been detected in other animals: cats, ruminants (e.g., buffaloes), horses, donkeys, rodents and mongooses [ 266 , 267 , 268 , 269 ]. In 1970s, the virus was isolated from several rodents and wild mammals including Gerbils, foxes and cats [ 270 , 271 ].…”

Section: Viral Zoonosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt

2017

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Egypt has a unique geographical location connecting the three old-world continents Africa, Asia and Europe. It is the country with the highest population density in the Middle East, Northern Africa and the Mediterranean basin. This review summarizes the prevalence, reservoirs, sources of human infection and control regimes of common bacterial, parasitic and viral zoonoses in animals and humans in Egypt. There is a gap of knowledge conerning the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases at the human-animal interface in different localities in Egypt. Some zoonotic agents are “exotic” for Egypt (e.g., MERS-CoV and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus), others are endemic (e.g., Brucellosis, Schistosomiasis and Avian influenza). Transboundary transmission of emerging pathogens from and to Egypt occurred via different routes, mainly importation/exportation of apparently healthy animals or migratory birds. Control of the infectious agents and multidrug resistant bacteria in the veterinary sector is on the frontline for infection control in humans. The implementation of control programs significantly decreased the prevalence of some zoonoses, such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis, in some localities within the country. Sustainable awareness, education and training targeting groups at high risk (veterinarians, farmers, abattoir workers, nurses, etc.) are important to lessen the burden of zoonotic diseases among Egyptians. There is an urgent need for collaborative surveillance and intervention plans for the control of these diseases in Egypt.

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Section: Viral Zoonosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1979, a French woman died after corneal transplantation from an Egyptian donor [ 276 ]. In 1988, NAMRU3 isolated two street RABV from humans [ 268 ]. Genetically, the Egyptian viruses from humans and animals are closely related to those isolated in Israel and the ME [ 272 ].…”

Section: Viral Zoonosismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt

2017

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“…These are sometimes diagnosed with rabies virus infection in Zambia, South Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Egypt. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Most reported cases of rabies in wild carnivorous species included yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata) and bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) 22 as well as critically endangered wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). 19 23-25 In Ethiopia, rabies outbreaks were described in the endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) population.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitations Of This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rabies has been reported in both domesticated species and wildlife. These are sometimes diagnosed with rabies virus infection in Zambia, South Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Egypt 15–21…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Ethiopia, rabies outbreaks were described in the endangered Ethiopian wolf ( Canis simensis ) population 26 27. In 2014 and 2015, RABV infection was also observed in two wild dogs and a spotted hyaena ( Crocuta crocuta ) in the Madikwe Game Reserve, North West Province of South Africa, in Ethiopia and in Nigeria,21 25 28 monkeys and jackals ( C. adustus and C. mesomelas ) 16 17 20 21. The review of 20 studies across Africa has revealed that bite victims account for 91.9% (48 092 dog bites), cat bite for 2.9%, jackal bite for 0.8% and 4.41% for others (monkey, donkey, horse, rat, pig, rabbit, Honey badger, kudu, goat, cattle, eland and hyaena) 29–48…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rabies mortality and morbidity associated with animal bites in Africa: a case for integrated rabies disease surveillance, prevention and control: a scoping review

et al. 2021

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ObjectiveThe objective of this scoping review was to map the current situation and available evidence and gaps on rabies morbidity, mortality, integrated rabies surveillance programmes, and existing prevention and control strategies in Africa.MethodsWe conducted a systematic scoping review following the Joanna Briggs methodology and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews checklist. Medline, Embase, CINAHL (EBSCOHost), Scopus, Web of Science and rabies web conferences were used to search for peer-reviewed publications between January 1946 and May 2020. Two researchers reviewed the studies and extracted data based on author (year) and region, study design and data collection duration, participants/comparators, interventions, control conditions/exposures and outcomes (rabies mortality and morbidity) and key findings/gaps/challenges. The results were reported narratively using Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework.ResultsElectronic search yielded 2775 records, of which 43 studies were included. A total of 543 714 bite victims were censored through the included studies. Most of the victims were less than 15 years of age. The studies included rabies morbidity (21) and mortality (15) fluctuating in space and time across Africa depending on countries’ rabies prevention and control practices (16). Others were surveillance (nine studies); surveillance and prevention (five studies); management and control (seven studies); and surveillance, prevention and control (six studies). We found challenges in rabies reporting, existing dog vaccination programmes and post-exposure prophylaxis availability or compliance.ConclusionThis study found challenges for dog rabies control and elimination in Africa and the need for a policy to drive the goal of zero dog-transmitted rabies to humans by 2030.This is an open-access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build on this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated and the use is non-commercial (see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

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The serological response of young dogs to the Flury LEP strain of rabies virus vaccine

Aghomo

Oduye

Rupprecht

1990

Veterinary Research Communications

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The serological response of puppies from Nigeria to live Flury low egg passage (LEP) rabies vaccine was determined. Two sets of puppies were used: one set from rabies-vaccinated bitches and another set from non-vaccinated bitches. Puppies were vaccinated intramuscularly with Flury LEP strain rabies vaccine and serially bled from the 4th week to the 30th week. Serum rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) were measured by a modified rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Puppies from non-vaccinated bitches responded well to vaccination after the 4th week and through to the 10th week of age, showing a progressive increase in VNA. In contrast, puppies from vaccinated bitches responded well to rabies vaccination only at 10 weeks of age, although detectable maternal rabies VNA and rabies anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) antibodies had decreased by 6 weeks post partum.

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Antigenic variation of wild and vaccine rabies strains of Egypt

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt

A Comprehensive Review of Common Bacterial, Parasitic and Viral Zoonoses at the Human-Animal Interface in Egypt

Rabies mortality and morbidity associated with animal bites in Africa: a case for integrated rabies disease surveillance, prevention and control: a scoping review

The serological response of young dogs to the Flury LEP strain of rabies virus vaccine

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