Antimalarial Herbal Plants in Kupang, Indonesia

Abstract

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasite transmitted through female Anopheles mosquito bite. This disease is harmful because Plasmodium is known to be resistant to antimalarial drugs. The emergence of malaria resistance has raised concerns among researchers to look for any alternative antimalarial drugs. There are some plants potentially used as antimalarial drugs that should bewell-documented through scientific research. This study aimed to get to know plant species that has antimalarial activity in Kupang region. Method: This research applied qualitative descriptive method while using exploration method specifically in the sampling process. Every sample is then taken for preservation as herbarium and identified based on its morphological features using determination key handbook. The result showed that there are 17 species of antimalarial plant in 10 observational sites. Those species of antimalarial plants i.e. Tithonia diversifolia, Momordica charantia, Cyperus rotundus, Strychnos lingustrina, Andrographis paniculata, Callicarpa longifolia, Tinospora crispa, Piper betle, Plectranthus scutellarioides, Alstonia scholaris, Carica papaya, Amaranthus spinosus, Artocarpus champeden, Cassia siamea, Azadirachta indica, Helianthus annuus and Blumea balsamifera. Therefore, the availability of the plant species with antimalarial activity in Kupang needs to be explored and developed as an alternative approach for the society in treating Malarial diseases.

Antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Sangkareho (Callicarpa longifolia Lam) from Central Kalimantan

“…to Purukcahu (Kabupaten Murung Raya, Central Kalimantan) community is effective as an anti-diarrheal however research on sangkareho as anti-diarrheal has not been widely studied. Based on some conducted phytochemical studies in Indonesia sangkareho (Callicarpa longifolia Lam) contains alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, saponin and steroid [20][21][22], Our preliminary phytochemical screening on Callicarpa longifolia has confirmed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid and steroid ( Table 1). Flavonoids that exist in the extracts could play an important role, and the phenolic compounds have several pharmacological properties such as anti-diarrheal activities and spasmolytic.The alkaloid and steroid have been reported to have antibacterial and antifungal which can help in treating diarrhea [23][24].…”

The Effect of Artesunate and Brotowali (Tinospora Crispa) Combination on Histopathological, and Expression of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kβ) in Renal Tubules of Mice Infected With Plasmodium Berghei

“…The result is due to antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory effects. [12,13,15,30,31,32] Changes in NF-kβ expression levels…”

“…This interaction between drugs and herbs occurs through several mechanisms, including the metabolism of the cytochrome P450 enzyme by herbal components that can change the absorption and metabolism of the drug by changing the transporter activity of the protein enzyme of the drug. [38,39] Brotowali contains berberine and palmatine compounds which are useful as antiinflammatory, [12,13,35] also contain total polyphenols which function as anti-oxidant, anti-nitrite oxidant, antiproliferative. [36,28] The administration of brotowali until the 14th day can reduce the expression of NF-kβ greater than until the antioxidant, anti-nitrite oxidant, antiproliferative.…”

“…Brotowali contains berberine, palmatine, polyphenol, flavonoid compounds which are useful as antiinflammatory agents. [12,28] Rathee et al (2009) stated flavonoids reduce the activation of NFkβ [26] . Hipol et al (2012) added extract Tinospora crispa containing alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, phenolics, inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators by membrane stabilization.…”

“…They are efficient as antimalarial, antipyretic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic. [11,12,13,14] We investigated whether brotowali extract can affect the histopathological features and NF-kβ expression on the renal tubules in mice infected by Plasmodium Berghei treated by artesunate. It was based on information about the role of NF-kβ in inflammatory reactions as pathogenesis of malaria in the kidneys and brotowali extract profile as described above.…”