Antimalarial natural products of marine and freshwater origin

Abstract

This review highlights recently discovered antimalarial natural products from marine and freshwater sources described in the literature from 2006 to 2008. The structures as well as bioactivities of compounds against the malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum are discussed, including for example agelasine, xestoquinone, alisiaquinone, crambescidin, venturamide, dragomabin, gragonamide, viridamide, salinosporamide, chaetoxanthone, nodulisporacid, tumonoic acid, girolline, oroidin, nostocarboline, aerucyclamide and microcylamide 7806 and its revised structure.

Terpenyl-Purines from the Sea

“…Such compounds have attracted the attention of researchers because of their potent biological activities, which have been reported to include antimicrobial [34,35], antiproliferative [36], antileukemic [37], cytotoxic [34,38], antiprotozoal [39,40] and antituberculosis properties [41] and inhibitory effects on the enzymatic reactions of Na + ,K + -ATPase [42]. Another reason that led to the evaluation of genera of sponges is that a significant number of sponge metabolites show promising activities in antifouling assays [43].…”

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

“…[198]; marine pharmacology in Australia: the Roche Research Institute [199]; the global marine pharmaceutical pipeline in 2010: U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved compounds and those in Phase I, II and III of clinical development [200]; marine drugs from sponge-microbe associations [201]; cyanobacteria as an emerging source for drug discovery [202]; marine invertebrates as a future therapeutic treasure [203]; biodiversity conservation and marine natural products drug discovery [204]; marine invertebrates as a source of guanidines with chemical and pharmacological significance [205]; innovations in the field of marine natural products and a new wave of drugs [206]; (b) antimicrobial marine pharmacology : antibacterial marine natural products [207]; marine microbes and pharmaceutical development [208]; marine microbe-derived antibacterial agents [209]; antimicrobial peptides from marine invertebrates [210]; novel anti-infective compounds from marine bacteria [211]; conventional and unconventional antimicrobials from fish, marine invertebrates and microalgae [212]; (c) antiviral marine pharmacology : antiviral lead compounds from marine sponges [213]; potential anti-HIV agents from marine resources [214]; marine compounds and their antiviral activities [215]; marine organisms as a therapeutic source against herpes simplex virus infection [216]; (d) antiparasitic, antituberculosis, antimalarial and antifungal marine pharmacology : antiparasitic marine invertebrate-derived small molecules [217]; marine antileishmanial natural products [218]; antituberculosis leads from marine microbial metabolites [219]; antimalarial drug discovery from marine sources between January 2003 and December 2008 [220]; antimalarial marine natural products from 2006 to 2008 [221]; antimalarial marine compounds [222]; (e) immuno- and anti-inflammatory marine pharmacology : marine natural product leads for treatment of inflammation [223]; marine natural products targeting phospholipase A 2 [224]; marine diterpene glycosides as anti-inflammatory agents [225]; anti-inflammatory compounds from marine algae [226]; (f) cardiovascular marine pharmacology : marine-derived angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitors [227]; (g) nervous system marine pharmacology : conotoxins as natural products drug leads [...…”

Antimalarial Activity of Axidjiferosides, New β-Galactosylceramides from the African Sponge Axinyssa djiferi

“…The potential of natural products is currently investigated [9]. The new breakthrough in malaria treatment could come with the development of a marine lead compound, taking into account the great potential of marine invertebrates to produce a large array of biological-active metabolites [10,11]. Interestingly, the latter reviews on marine antimalarials published in 2009 did not mention any glycolipid (GL), and it was the same from any other natural sources, including plants [9].…”