Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

Abstract

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.

Anti-HIV-1 activity of phlorotannin derivative 8,4‴-dieckol from Korean brown alga Ecklonia cava

“…8) There are quite big amounts of marine-based natural products which are reported to have bioactivities like antifungal and antimicrobial effects. 9,10) In addition, several natural products from marine organisms have been reported to express bioactivity against prevalent diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity. [11][12][13] So far, numerous compounds isolated from natural resources have been reported to exhibit significant anti-HIV activity and inhibit HIV-1 activity in almost every stage of the viral life cycle.…”

Bioprospeksi Spons, Karang Lunak dan Ascidian Asal Taman Nasional Laut Kepulauan Wakatobi: Antitumor dan Antioksidan

“…Tekanan lingkungan, seperti kompetisi ruang, cahaya, dan sumber lainnya menyebabkan terjadinya keanekaragaman kimia pada berbagai organisme bentik, termasuk spons yang berfungsi sebagai pertahanan diri terhadap serangan predator (Sennet et al, 2002;Leal et al, 2012 ). Spons merupakan makroinvertebrata laut yang menjadi sumber senyawa bioaktif baru dengan berbagai potensi biomedis sebagai antitumor, antimikrobia, antivirus dan lain?lain (Pabel et al, 2003;Mayer et al, 2013).…”

“…Nursid et al (2011) melaporkan kapang jenis Emericella nidulans yang diisolasi dari ascidian Aplidium longitorax asal perairan W akat obi menghasi lkan senyawa aktif emest rin yang mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antikanker T47D (payudara) melalui mekanisme apoptosis. Namun demikian, dalam berbagai review ilmiah mengenai present status senyawa bahan alam yang dikoleksi dari invertebrata laut (Mayer et al, 2011;Leal et al, 2012;Mayer et al, 2013) Menurut kriteria National Cancer Institute (NCI) suatu ekstrak dikategorikan aktif apabila IC 50 nya < 20 g/ml (Schmitz et al, 2001). Ekstrak yang dikategorikan aktiflah yang kemudian diteliti lebih lanjut untuk diisolasi senyawa aktifnya.…”

“…benzo [de] [1,6]?naphtyridine alkaloids atau aaptamin. Senyawa aaptamin dan derivatnya dilaporkan mempunyai aktivitas sebagai antitumor yang baik terhadap sel HeLa (Nakamura 1982 dalam Larghi et al, 2009), sel MCF?7 dan sel KB (Calcul et al, 2003), sel P388, KB16, A549 dan HT?29 (Shen et al, 1999 (Mayer et al, 2011) dan tahun 2009(Mayer et al, 2013 dilaporkan bahwa sebagian besar senyawa bahan alam laut baru dari laut memiliki bioaktivitas sebagai antibakteri, antivirus, antitumor, antituberculosis, antioksidan, antidiabetes dan antiinflamasi.…”

Fradiamine A, a new siderophore from the deep-sea actinomycete Streptomyces fradiae MM456M-mF7

“…5,6 Numerous novel bioactive compounds were isolated from marine organisms. 7 Marine actinomycetes also produced novel useful compounds, including the anticancer candidates salinosporamide A isolated from Salinispora tropica 8 and thiocoraline isolated from Micromonospora marina. 9 Novel bioactive compounds are identified using biological activitybased screening methods.…”