Antimicrobial Actions of Degraded and Native Chitosan against Spoilage Organisms in Laboratory Media and Foods

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine whether chitosan (poly-␤-1,4-glucosamine) and hydrolysates of chitosan can be used as novel preservatives in foods. Chitosan was hydrolyzed by using oxidative-reductive degradation, crude papaya latex, and lysozyme. Mild hydrolysis of chitosan resulted in improved microbial inactivation in saline and greater inhibition of growth of several spoilage yeasts in laboratory media, but highly degraded products of chitosan exhibited no antimicrobial activity. In pasteurized apple-elderflower juice stored at 7°C, addition of 0.3 g of chitosan per liter eliminated yeasts entirely for the duration of the experiment (13 days), while the total counts and the lactic acid bacterial counts increased at a slower rate than they increased in the control. Addition of 0.3 or 1.0 g of chitosan per kg had no effect on the microbial flora of houmous, a chickpea dip; in the presence of 5.0 g of chitosan per kg, bacterial growth but not yeast growth was substantially reduced compared with growth in control dip stored at 7°C for 6 days. Improved antimicrobial potency of chitosan hydrolysates like that observed in the saline and laboratory medium experiments was not observed in juice and dip experiments. We concluded that native chitosan has potential for use as a preservative in certain types of food but that the increase in antimicrobial activity that occurs following partial hydrolysis is too small to justify the extra processing involved.Chitosan (poly-␤-1,4-glucosamine) is prepared commercially by alkaline deacetylation of chitin obtained from the exoskeletons of marine crustaceans (6, 17). Chitosan has a pK a value of approximately 6.3 (18); at lower pH values, the molecule is cationic due to protonation of the amino groups. Previous reports have indicated that when chitosan is dissolved in saline, distilled water, or laboratory media, it exhibits antimicrobial activity against some strains of filamentous fungi (2, 9, 15), yeasts (15, 18), and bacteria (21). Considerable variation in the MICs and/or minimum bactericidal concentrations of chitosan, both between and within genera, has been described. Nevertheless, on the basis of the available evidence, bacteria appear to be generally less sensitive to the antimicrobial action of chitosan than fungi are. The antifungal activity of chitosan is greater at lower pH values (15).Chitosan has a mean molecular mass of up to 1 MDa, which corresponds to a chain length of approximately 5,000 U, but there is considerable variation between commercial batches. There is limited in vitro evidence which suggests that partial depolymerization may enhance the antimicrobial activity of chitosan against phytopathogenic fungi and some bacteria of medical significance. For example, Uchida et al. (20) produced chitosan hydrolysates with total reducing sugar (TRS) contents of 50, 508, and 590 mg/g by using Bacillus chitosanase. The antifungal activities of the hydrolysates were tested on solid laboratory media at pH 6 by using three Fusarium spp. isolates. The MI...

Chitosan and ß-amino butyric acid up-regulates transcripts of resistance gene analog RGPM213 in pearl millet to infection by downy mildew pathogen

“…Chitosan has shown to have inhibitory effect on growth of many plant pathogens [28,29]. This compound has shown properties, such as bioactivity and biocompatibility [30].…”

Emerging Preservation Methods for Fruit Juices and Beverages

“…The most resistant strain, S. ludwigii, required 5 g/L of chitosan for complete inactivation and for maintaining yeast-free conditions in apple juice for 14 days at 25°C (Roller and Covill 1999). Another study by Rhoades and Roller (2000) showed that 0.3 g/L of Chitosan eliminated all the yeasts in pasteurized apple-elderflower juice during a 13-day of storage at 7°C. However, the total bacterial counts and the lactic acid bacterial counts increased slower than the control (Rhoades and Roller 2000 Chitosan has been approved as a food additive in Japan in 1983 and in Korea in 1995.…”

“…A limited works have been done to assess the antimicrobial properties of chitosan in fruit juices (Roller and Covill 1999;Rhoades and Roller 2000). Chitosan glutamate was reported to be an effective preservative against spoilage yeasts in apple juice.…”

Life Span of Biopolymer Sequestering Agents for Contaminant Removal and Erosion Resistance

“…Xanthan gum is not easily degraded by microorganisms (Cadmus et al, 1982), and chitosan polymers have antimicrobial activities. Interestingly, partially degraded chitosan demonstrates enhanced antimicrobial activities (Rhodes and Roller 2000). While biopolymer biodegradation is enhanced by elevated temperature and salt concentrations, metals sorbed to organic chelators can significantly decrease their rate of biodegradation (Francis and Dodge, 1993).…”