Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Effects of α-Mangostin Soluble Film

Abstract

A BSTRACT Objectives: Plant-derived compounds are a major source of medicinal agents. Common oral diseases, including dental caries, periodontal disease, and candidiasis, are caused by biofilms. The nature of biofilm formations is complex, emphasizing the importance of finding novel products that possess bioactivity against microbes associated with those oral infections. The aims of this study were to determine the antimicrobial activity and antibiofilm formation of α-mangostin (α-MG) soluble film. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial assays against Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis , and Candida albicans were performed by identifying the minimal growth inhibition concentration and the minimal bactericidal concentration. Time-killing kinetic studies against the organisms and inhibition of biofilm formation were determined by the broth microdilution method. Human gingival fibroblast cell line and macrophage RAW267.4 cells were cultured, and the cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. The anti-inflammatory effect of the α-MG film was investigated by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide production. Results: The α-MG film demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens tested. The formulation reduced microbial growth about 1–3 Log CFU/mL at 2–4 h and complete killing at 24 h. No significant difference in inhibiting the biofilm formation of those three microorganisms was noted. In addition, the film containing α-MG demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner. The formulation was safe and showed no cytotoxicity at therapeutic dose. Conclusions: The α-MG film is effective against S. mutans, P. gingivalis , and C. albicans without significant cytotoxicity in vitro . Thus, this new product may have potential advantage in preventing those common oral infections.

In Vitro Evaluation of Mangostanin as an Antimicrobial and Biocompatible Topical Antiseptic for Skin and Oral Tissues

“…47 Mangosteen pericarp extract has demonstrated promise as a plaque inhibitor in mouthwashes, 48,49 and a soluble film of xanthone α-mangostin exhibited antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens and inhibited biofilm formation in vitro. 13,42 Once the effectiveness of MGTN as an antiseptic either in solution or in formulation was confirmed, we also evaluated its safety through biocompatibility assessment, confirming the lack of cytotoxicity on the 2D culture in vitro model of human gingival fibroblasts by the low LDH activity levels and improved metabolic activity induced by MGTN treatment. To go further, commercial 3D models of human epidermis and oral mucosa epithelium were used to test different gels.…”

“…mutans biofilm and inhibit glucosyltransferase enzyme activity, which results in the inhibition of biofilm growth . Mangosteen pericarp extract has demonstrated promise as a plaque inhibitor in mouthwashes, , and a soluble film of xanthone α-mangostin exhibited antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens and inhibited biofilm formation in vitro . , …”

“…Thus, we focused on finding alternative antiseptics that were biocompatible while retaining excellent antimicrobial properties. Plants are valuable sources of novel bioactive compounds, which produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are effective against pathogens . Mangosteen pericarp and its bioactive xanthones have been reported to exhibit numerous biological activities, such as the inhibition of the growth of various types of bacteria and fungi, reduction of inflammation, and protection against oxidative stress, among other properties. − Out of these xanthones, mangostanin (MGTN), also known as 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone, has demonstrated cytotoxicity against cancer cells, antioxidant and antimalarial properties, and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio rotiferianus, and Vibrio campbellii. ,− …”

The EGCG and α-Mangosteen Stimulate SHED-IL10 and SHED-LL37 Metabolite Concentration

“…The finding showed that EGCG inhibits the process of alveolar bone damage through RANKL, 10 TNF-α, 11 and increases osteoprotegerin (OPG), 10 RANK, 10,11 and IL-10. 11,12 The effect is similar to α-mangosteen, which is able to stimulate some growth factors like tumor growth factor-β, 13 and TRAP5b 14 and also inhibit the growth of etiological bacteria 15,16 and RUNX2. 14 Periodontitis is a disease of the periodontal tissues that is characterized by damage to the ligaments and surrounding alveolar bone.…”

α-Mangostin and lawsone methyl ether in tooth gel synergistically increase its antimicrobial and antibiofilm formation effects in vitro

“…α-Mangostin (α-MG), a major xanthone derivative compound isolated from the Mangosteen pericarp extract, disrupts the development of S. mutans biofilm [12]. Furthermore, Tangsuksan et al [13] reported that a soluble mucoadhesive film containing α-MG is effective against S. mutans, P. gingivalis, and C. albicans without significant cytotoxicity in vitro. The film also demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner.…”