Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a cost-effective method for arresting active dental caries. However, the limited cooperation of patients may lead to an SDF application time that is shorter than the recommended 1–3 min for carious lesions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of different application times of SDF on the degree of mineral precipitation in demineralized dentin. Demineralized dentin specimens from permanent maxillary molars were treated by applying 38% SDF for 30, 60, or 180 s. Water was applied in the control group. The specimens were immersed in simulated body fluid for 2 weeks, and the mineral precipitation in demineralized dentin was then analyzed using FTIR-ATR, SEM-EDX, and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM). The FTIR-ATR results showed a significant increase in mineral precipitation in the 180 s group after 1 week. However, after 2 weeks, the SRXTM images indicated comparable mineral density between the 30, 60, and 180 s groups. The precipitation of silver chloride and calcium phosphate crystals that occluded dentinal tubules was similar in all experimental groups. In conclusion, an application time of either 30, 60, or 180 s promoted a comparable degree of mineral precipitation in demineralized dentin.

Silver diamine nitrate (SDN) is expected to help control caries similar to silver diamine fluoride (SDF). The aim of this study was to determine the mineral precipitation in demineralized dentin and the cytotoxicity of SDN and SDF to dental pulp cells. Demineralized dentin specimens were prepared, and SDF, SDN, or water (control) was applied. The specimens were then remineralized in simulated body fluid for 2 weeks. The mineral precipitation in the specimens was examined using FTIR-ATR, SEM-EDX, and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM). Additionally, the cytotoxicity of SDF and SDN to human dental pulp stem cells was analyzed using an MTT assay. The increase in FTIR spectra attributable to apatite formation in demineralized dentin in the SDF group was significantly higher compared to the SDN and control groups (p < 0.05). Dentinal tubule occlusion by the precipitation of silver salts was detected in both SDF and SDN groups. The mineral density as shown in SRXTM images and cytotoxicity of both SDN and SDF groups were comparable (p > 0.05). In conclusion, SDF demonstrated superior in vitro apatite formation compared to SDN. However, the degree of mineral precipitation and cytotoxic effects of both were similar.

A BSTRACT Objectives: Plant-derived compounds are a major source of medicinal agents. Common oral diseases, including dental caries, periodontal disease, and candidiasis, are caused by biofilms. The nature of biofilm formations is complex, emphasizing the importance of finding novel products that possess bioactivity against microbes associated with those oral infections. The aims of this study were to determine the antimicrobial activity and antibiofilm formation of α-mangostin (α-MG) soluble film. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial assays against Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis , and Candida albicans were performed by identifying the minimal growth inhibition concentration and the minimal bactericidal concentration. Time-killing kinetic studies against the organisms and inhibition of biofilm formation were determined by the broth microdilution method. Human gingival fibroblast cell line and macrophage RAW267.4 cells were cultured, and the cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. The anti-inflammatory effect of the α-MG film was investigated by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide production. Results: The α-MG film demonstrated antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens tested. The formulation reduced microbial growth about 1–3 Log CFU/mL at 2–4 h and complete killing at 24 h. No significant difference in inhibiting the biofilm formation of those three microorganisms was noted. In addition, the film containing α-MG demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner. The formulation was safe and showed no cytotoxicity at therapeutic dose. Conclusions: The α-MG film is effective against S. mutans, P. gingivalis , and C. albicans without significant cytotoxicity in vitro . Thus, this new product may have potential advantage in preventing those common oral infections.

nationally representative sample of Thai adults aged 35-44 went to see the dentist during the past year was used to define DU. The slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were used to assess and compare education and incomerelated inequalities in DU. Poisson regression was used to assess factors associated with DU. Income inequalities were not reported for the year 2001 (Income data not available).Results: Although DU increased after UCS implementation, socioeconomic inequalities persisted. DU was concentrated among high-education and income groups.