Antimicrobial effect of toothbrush with light emitting diode on dental biofilm attached to zirconia surface: an in vitro study

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of a toothbrush with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on periodontitis-associated dental biofilm attached to a zirconia surface by static and dynamic methods. Materials and Methods: Zirconia disks (12 mm diameter, 2.5 mm thickness) were inserted into a 24-well plate (static method) or inside a Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) biofilm reactor (dynamic method) to form dental biofilms using Streptococcus gordonii and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The disks with biofilm were subdivided into five treatment groups-control, commercial photodynamic therapy (PDT), toothbrush alone (B), brush with LED (BL), and brush with LED+erythrosine (BLE). After treatment, the disks were agitated to detach the bacteria, and the resulting solutions were spread directly on selective agar. The number of viable bacteria and percentage of bacterial reduction were determined from colony counts. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to visualize alterations in bacterial morphology. Results: No significant difference in biofilm formation was observed between dynamic and static methods. A significant difference was observed in the number of viable bacteria between the control and all experimental groups (P < 0.05). The percentage of bacterial reduction in the BLE group was significantly higher than in the other treated groups (P < 0.05). SEM revealed damaged bacterial cell walls in the PDT, BL, and BLE groups, but intact cell walls in the control and B groups. Conclusion: The findings suggest that an LED toothbrush with erythrosine is more effective than other treatments in reducing the viability of periodontitis-associated bacteria attached to zirconia in vitro.

Effects of an electric toothbrush combined with 3-color light-emitting diodes on antiplaque and bleeding control: a randomized controlled study

“…Through BOMP and GI tests, we confirmed the effects of the 3-component complex LED, and these results are in concordance with our previous findings of the reduction of P. gingivalis on sand-blasted titanium disks with LED toothbrushes in vitro [ 10 ]. Furthermore, our results agree with those of another in vitro study reporting that LED toothbrushes with erythrosine reduced microorganism growth on dental biofilms attached to a zirconia surface [ 11 ].…”

“…Since the antimicrobial activity of LEDs has been confirmed, attempts have been made to combine toothbrushes with LEDs. We recently observed that in vitro , erythrosine-treated LED toothbrushes efficiently diminished the number of Porphyromonas gingivalis cells attached to titanium and zirconia surfaces compared to a commercial photodynamic treatment kit [ 10 11 ]. Additionally, Lee [ 12 ] reported that an LED electric toothbrush was an effective tool for patients with gingivitis based on results from 4 weeks of use.…”

The effect of photodynamic therapy in controlling the oral biofilm: A comprehensive overview

“…The loss of supporting bone around an implant is what causes peri‐implantitis, an irreversible inflammatory reaction [95]. According to Park et al [101], LEDs are effective in inhibiting the growth of periodontal biofilms connected to zirconia surfaces, including stress‐inducing bacteria like F. nucleatum and Streptococcus gordonii , which can cause periodontitis. Zirconia‐attached periodontitis‐associated bacteria are less likely to survive after brushing with an LED toothbrush that contains erythrosine than after using other treatments [101].…”

“…According to Park et al [101], LEDs are effective in inhibiting the growth of periodontal biofilms connected to zirconia surfaces, including stress‐inducing bacteria like F. nucleatum and Streptococcus gordonii , which can cause periodontitis. Zirconia‐attached periodontitis‐associated bacteria are less likely to survive after brushing with an LED toothbrush that contains erythrosine than after using other treatments [101]. Graphene nano‐platelets coated on titanium surfaces were found to have antimicrobial properties.…”

The effectiveness of led toothbrush in reducing dental plaque and gingivitis in fixed orthodontic patients: a randomized clinical trials

“…Since light-emitting diode (LED) showed the antimicrobial effects (56,57), it has been recently applied to toothbrushes in order to enhance the efficacy in reducing dental plaque and improve gingival health. The in vitro studies demonstrated that the LED toothbrushes were able to reduce the number of Porphyromonas gingivalis attached to titanium and zirconia surfaces (58,59). In 2015, a pilot clinical study by Genina et al found that the blue LED toothbrushes with 412 nm wavelength significantly reduce dental plaque, gingival bleeding, and inflammation more than the manual toothbrushes (18).…”